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	<title>Nuclear Disarmament &#8211; INTERSECURITYFORUM</title>
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		<title>To Καζακστάν Πρωτοπορεί στον Πυρηνικό Αφοπλισμό. Η Κύπρος Ουραγός</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/to-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b6%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%83%cf%84%ce%ac%ce%bd-%cf%80%cf%81%cf%89%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%80%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b5%ce%af-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%bd-%cf%80%cf%85%cf%81%ce%b7%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%cf%8c-%ce%b1/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dr. Yiorghos Leventis]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 09:14:21 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear Disarmament]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=1043</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Στην Κύπρο, αλλά ακόμη και σε ευρωπαϊκές διασκέψεις των ειδημόνων στον αφοπλισμό (διαβουλεύσεις Βρυξελλών για τα Όπλα Μαζικής Καταστροφής: ΟΜΚ) &#8211; είναι ελάχιστα γνωστό ότι το Καζακστάν πρωτοπορεί στις διεθνείς διεργασίες για τον πυρηνικό αφοπλισμό. Στο επίπεδο της διεθνούς διπλωματίας για τα ζητήματα μείζονος σημασίας για την επιβίωση της ανθρωπότητας το Καζακστάν είναι πρωτοπόρος, η [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Στην Κύπρο, αλλά ακόμη και σε ευρωπαϊκές διασκέψεις των ειδημόνων στον αφοπλισμό (διαβουλεύσεις Βρυξελλών για τα Όπλα Μαζικής Καταστροφής: ΟΜΚ) &#8211; είναι ελάχιστα γνωστό ότι το Καζακστάν πρωτοπορεί στις διεθνείς διεργασίες για τον πυρηνικό αφοπλισμό. Στο επίπεδο της διεθνούς διπλωματίας για τα ζητήματα μείζονος σημασίας για την επιβίωση της ανθρωπότητας το Καζακστάν είναι πρωτοπόρος, η Κύπρος είναι ουραγός. Για να δούμε τα γεγονότα.</p>
<p>Το Καζακστάν, ομοσπονδοποιημένο στην κρατική δομή της ΕΣΣΔ, χώρα της Κεντρικής Ασίας, υπέφερε επί σαράντα χρόνια (1949-89) από τις πυρηνικές δοκιμές της πάλαι πότε κραταιάς Σοβιετικής Ένωσης. Η τότε Σοβιετική Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία του Καζακστάν φιλοξενούσε, έκουσα άκουσα, στο <strong>Σεμιπαλατίνσκ</strong>, πεδίο δοκιμών πυρηνικών όπλων της Μόσχας. Το Σεμιπαλατίνσκ βρίσκεται στα βορειονατολικά της αχανούς χώρας: το Καζακστάν έχει έκταση εικοσαπλάσια αυτής της Ελλάδας. Είναι όμως χώρα αραιοκατοικημένη, με πληθυσμό γύρω στα είκοσι εκατομμύρια &#8211; διπλάσιο μόνο του αντίστοιχου Ελληνικού. Τα Ρωσικά εξακολουθούν να επικρατούν ως επίσημη γλώσσα (μαζί με τα Καζακστανικά) και γλώσσα συνεννόησης των εθνικών ομάδων της χώρας. Μολαταύτα η χώρα βρίσκεται σε μεταβατικό γλωσσικό στάδιο: το κυριλλικό αλφάβητο σταδιακά εγκαταλείπεται μέχρι την πλήρη κωδικοποίηση και επισημοποίηση της χρήσης του λατινικού. Η Ρωσική μειονότητα εξακολουθεί να αποτελεί το 17 τα εκατό του πληθυσμού.</p>
<p>Στα σαράντα χρόνια της μεταπολεμικής ΕΣΣΔ, το <strong>Πόλυγον</strong>, όπως το Πεδίο Δοκιμών <strong>Semipalatinsk</strong> στα βορειοανατολικά της χώρας ήταν γνωστό, γνώρισε <strong>450</strong> <strong>πυρηνικές δοκιμές</strong>, δηλαδή περίπου μία δοκιμή κάθε μήνα. Ο όγκος και η ένταση των πυρηνικών δοκιμών άφησαν σοβαρά σημάδια στη χώρα: σοβαρή περιβαλλοντική και ως εκ τούτου ανθρωπιστική καταστροφή. Για σκοπούς σύγκρισης αναφέρουμε ότι περισσότερες από <strong>2.000</strong><strong> </strong><strong><a href="https://www.ertnews.gr/tag/pyrinikes-dokimes/">πυρηνικές δοκιμές</a></strong> έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί παγκοσμίως τα τελευταία <strong>80 χρόνια</strong>. Αν και οι εκρήξεις ήταν στιγμιαίες, οι επιπτώσεις τους – στην ανθρώπινη ζωή, στο περιβάλλον και στη γεωπολιτική σταθερότητα – εξακολουθούν να επηρεάζουν γενιές. Οι δοκιμές αυτές συχνά πραγματοποιούνταν σε απομονωμένες περιοχές, όμως οι επιπτώσεις τους είναι κάθε άλλο παρά περιορισμένες.</p>
<p>Έχοντας πληρώσει βαρύ τίμημα στην ανθρωπο-περιβαλλοντική καταστροφή, μετά την ανεξαρτησία η Αστάνα οικιοθελώς αποποιήθηκε του πυρηνικού οπλοστασίου της χώρας &#8211; το τέταρτο μεγαλύτερο στον κόσμο – και έκλεισε το <strong>Πόλυγον</strong>.</p>
<p>Κατά τα τελευταία χρόνια η Αστάνα επιδεικνύει ηγετικό ρόλο στην προώθηση της απόσυρσης των πυρηνικών όπλων. Το 2023 προήδρευσε της Επιτροπής Αφοπλισμού του ΟΗΕ συντονίζοντας τον διάλογο για την αντιμετώπιση αναδυούμενων απειλών.</p>
<p>Αναμφισβήτητα, το τρέχον έτος αποτελεί χρονικό ορόσημο. Εν μέσω σοβαρών γεωπολιτικών αναταράξεων &#8211; μεσούντων των πολέμων στην Ουκρανία και στην Μέση Ανατολή &#8211; λαμβάνει χώραν εντός του μηνός στη Νέα Υόρκη η <strong>Διάσκεψη Αναθεώρησης της Συνθήκης Μη Διάδοσης των Πυρηνικών Όπλων</strong> (Non Proliferation Treaty Review Conference 27 Απρίλη – 22 Μάη 2026).</p>
<p>Η Συνθήκη Μη Διάδοσης (ΣΜΔ) τέθηκε σε ισχύ το 1970. Μέχρι και σήμερα αποτελεί τον ακρογωνιαίο λίθο στο παγκόσμιο νομικό καθεστώς μη εξάπλωσης των πυρηνικών. Έχουν προσχωρήσει σε αυτή 191 κράτη συμπεριλαμβανομένων της Κύπρου, της Ελλάδας και της Τουρκίας και των πέντε αναγνωρισμένων πυρηνικών δυνάμεων (Βρετανίας, Γαλλίας, Κίνας, ΗΠΑ και Ρωσίας). Τέσσερεις μη αναγνωριμένες πυρηνικές δυνάμεις δεν συμμετέχουν στην ΣΜΔ: Ισραήλ, Ινδία, Πακιστάν και Βόρεια Κορέα. Η τελευταία αποσύρθηκε απο την συνθήκη το 2003. Δεν συμμετέχει επίσης το Νότιο Σουδάν.</p>
<p>Πρέπει να τονισθεί ότι η ΣΜΔ βασίζεται σε τρεις ίσης σημασίας πυλώνες:</p>
<ol>
<li>Πρόληψη της διάδοσης των πυρηνικών όπλων και της συναφούς τεχνολογίας.</li>
<li>Προώθηση της συνεργασίας στην ειρηνική χρήση της πυρηνικής ενέργειας.</li>
<li>Επίτευξη παγκόσμιου πυρηνικού αφοπλισμού.</li>
</ol>
<p>Στα πενήντα πέντε χρόνια της ισχύος της συνθήκης NPT τα αποτελέσματα είναι δυστυχώς απογοητευτικά: όχι μόνο οι πέντε αναγνωρισμένες πυρηνικές δυνάμεις δεν έλαβαν μέτρα για τον αφοπλισμό τους αλλά ο αριθμός των πυρηνικών δυνάμεων σχεδόν διπλασιάστηκε – σήμερα είναι εννιά.</p>
<p>Από πλευράς ισχύος έχουμε εκτιμήσεις <span data-sd-animate="true">για</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">το</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">2024</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">που δείχνουν</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">περίπου</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">12.500</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">ενεργά</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">πυρηνικά</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">όπλα</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">παγκοσμίως,</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">εκ</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">των</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">οποίων</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">περίπου</span> <strong><span data-sd-animate="true">3.700</span></strong> <span data-sd-animate="true">είναι</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">σε</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">επιχειρησιακή</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">ετοιμότητα</span>. <span data-sd-animate="true">Στην πρωτοπορία της κούρσας των πυρηνικών εξοπλισμών βρίσκεται η Ρωσική Ομοσπονδία  με 5.900 πυρηνικά στην φαρέτρα της ακολουθούμενη από τις ΗΠΑ</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">με περίπου 5.200</span>. Τα υπόλοιπα επτά πυρηνικά κράτη έχουν μικρότερα οπολοστάσια με εκτιμώμενο αριθμό πυρηνικών κεφαλών ως εξής: Κίνα <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" data-sd-animate="true">500</span>, Γαλλία 290, Ηνωμένο <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" data-sd-animate="true">Βασίλειο 225</span>, Πακιστάν 170–190, Ινδία 160–170, Ισραήλ 80–90, Βόρεια <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" data-sd-animate="true">Κορέα</span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" data-sd-animate="true">40–70</span>.</p>
<p>Με μια <strong>αύξηση της τάξης του 11 τα εκατό σε σχέση με το 2023</strong>, <strong>οι εννιά πυρηνικές δυνάμεις υπολογίζεται ότι το</strong> <strong>2024 δαπάνησαν 100 δις δολλάρια για το πυρηνικό τους οπλοστάσιο</strong>. <strong>Η εξοπλιστική αυτή δαπάνη είναι υπετριπλάσια του Κυπριακού ΑΕΠ ($30 δις)</strong>. Η βραβευμένη με Νόμπελ Ειρήνης διεθνής ΜΚΟ ICAN σημειώνει ότι τα <strong>42 δις</strong> από τα 100 δις <strong>επωφελήθηκαν συμβαλλόμενες μεγάλες ιδιωτικές εταιρείες</strong> στα πλαίσια των πυρηνικών εξοπλιστικών προγραμμάτων.</p>
<p>Τον περασμένο μήνα, το Καζακστάν προήδρευσε της Τρίτης Συνεδρίας των Κρατών Μερών της <strong>Συνθήκης Απαγόρευσης των Πυρηνικών Όπλων. </strong>Την ίδια στιγμή, εν τη σοφία του, ο ΥΠΕΞ Κωνσταντίνος Κόμπος απαντώντας σε κοινοβουλευτική ερώτηση του ηγέτη των Κυπρίων Πρασίνων υπέδειξε ότι η λιλιπούτεια Κύπρος θα παραμείνει εκτός της ως άνω σύμβασης στο παρόν στάδιο. Καθόν χρόνο η ανησυχία του Κυπριακού πληθυσμού για την (κατά)χρήση των Βρετανικών Βάσεων από σειρά πυρηνικών δυνάμεων σίγουρα δεν μειώνεται.</p>
<p>Ενώ η Κύπρος σέρνεται από τις βουλές των πυρηνικών δυνάμεων, η Αστάνα πρωτοστατεί αν όχι στην εξάλειψη η οποία όντως φαίνεται χείμερα, στον δραστικό περιορισμό της πυρηνικής απειλής σε ένα μεταβαλλόμενο κόσμο ο οποίος γίνεται όλο και πιο επικίνδυνος με την έξαρση των περιφερειακών συγκρούσεων οι οποίες αποκτούν όλοένα και περισσότερο παγκόσμιο χαρακτήρα.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>*Ο Δρ Γιώργος Λεβέντης, Διευθυντής του </strong><strong>International</strong> <strong>Security</strong> <strong>Forum</strong><strong> Κύπρου, συμμετέχει στο Ευρωπαϊκό Δίκτυο Ειδημόνων για την Μη Διάδοση των Όπλων Μαζικής Καταστροφής.</strong></p>
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		<title>Dr Leventis Participates in the 14th European Disarmament Conference in Brussels, November 2025</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/dr-leventis-participates-in-the-14th-european-disarmament-conference-in-brussels-november-2025/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Dec 2025 08:22:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Regional Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UN Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dr Yiorghos Leventis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU Strategic Compass]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[European Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Security Forum]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear Disarmament]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=1031</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The International Security Forum’s Director, Dr Yiorghos Leventis, participated in person, for the fourteenth consecutive year, in the EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference. The 14th Disarmament Conference was held in Brussels on the 10th and 11th of November 2025. The ISF, established in Lefkosia (Nicosia) in 2009, is the only Cypriot think tank that has [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The International Security Forum’s Director, <strong>Dr Yiorghos Leventis</strong>, participated in person, for the fourteenth consecutive year, in the <strong>EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference</strong>. The 14<sup>th</sup> Disarmament Conference was held in Brussels on the 10<sup>th</sup> and 11<sup>th</sup> of November 2025. The ISF, established in Lefkosia (Nicosia) in 2009, is the only Cypriot think tank that has been steadfastly involved in the consultations of the <strong>European Network of Independent Think Tanks on Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Studies</strong>. The latter initiated its activities with a kick-off meeting in Brussels in 2011. Dr. Yiorghos Leventis took part in this inaugural historic session.</p>
<p>The 2025 EU Non-Proliferation &amp; Disarmament Conference was organised by the <strong>Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) of Rome</strong>. Remarkably, this year, the IAI celebrates its 60<sup>th</sup> anniversary of existence. The <strong>Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI)</strong>, an important think tank in Italy focused on international affairs, receives funding primarily from the Italian government through various budgetary allocations. As of <strong>2025</strong>, <strong>its annual funding from the Italian state is approximately</strong> <strong>€4.2 million</strong>.</p>
<p>In sharp contrast, <strong>the International Security Forum Cyprus has, in the seventeen years of its operation, received zero funding from the Cypriot government</strong>. Nevertheless, ISF raises the security and foreign policy-oriented research flag of the Republic of Cyprus where there is no presence otherwise.</p>
<p>The Brussels EU Disarmament Conference is the annual flagship event that brings together experts from governments, international organizations and research institutions worldwide to discuss all aspects of the EU&#8217;s non-proliferation and disarmament agenda. Invariably, this agenda, includes arms control, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, space security and emerging technologies. Over two days, participants engaged in open and substantive discussions aimed at advancing global non-proliferation and disarmament objectives. The Conference also seeks to support the implementation of the EU Strategic Compass. It formulates policy recommendations to strengthen the EU’s role in these fields.</p>
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		<title>Nuclear Disarmament: The UK Moves in the Wrong Direction</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/nuclear-disarmament-the-uk-moves-in-the-wrong-direction/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dr. Yiorghos Leventis]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Apr 2021 06:03:55 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Europe]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Global Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Integrated Review]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear Disarmament]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UK]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=811</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The issue of nuclear disarmament is seminal in world affairs. Its importance had dominated the agenda of relations between the liberal West and the communist East during the Cold War. Alas, more than a generation’s time since the fall of the Berlin Wall that signaled the end of the Cold War, the nuclear arms race, [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The issue of nuclear disarmament is seminal in world affairs. Its importance had dominated the agenda of relations between the liberal West and the communist East during the Cold War. Alas, more than a generation’s time since the fall of the Berlin Wall that signaled the end of the Cold War, the nuclear arms race, if anything accelerates in the evolving multi-polar world. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT, 1970) officially recognizes five countries as possessing nuclear weapons (NW) thus designated as Nuclear Weapon States (NWS): China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States. Ironically, the five NWS correspond to the Big Five UN Security Council permanent members.</p>
<p>However, since the NPT entry into force, fifty years ago, the world moved in the wrong direction: India, Pakistan and North Korea joined the list of recognized NWS. In addition, Israel is widely believed to possess 90 plutonium-based nuclear warheads and to have produced enough plutonium for somewhere in the region of one hundred to two hundred more weapons. Further, Israel’s possession of NW has triggered a serious response from Middle East arch-rival Iran. Tehran’s nuclear programme has sparked a huge international controversy. In the summer of 2015 the UN Security Council (Resolution 2231: 20 July 2015) endorsed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) reached between the P5+1 (the five permanent UNSC members plus Germany) and the regime in Tehran that placed Iran’s nuclear programme under the monitoring conditions of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). As Donald Trump withdrew the US from the deal, Iran resumed its programme unchecked. For what is worth, Joe Biden, the new US president committed the US to re-engage with Iran re-entering the JCPOA that his predecessor called a bad deal. However, at the end of February Tehran clearly indicated it is unwilling to resume talks with either the US or the Europeans unless the former lifts all sanctions imposed, crippling its economy over the last few years.</p>
<p>In the run-up to the 50<sup>th</sup> anniversary NPT Review Conference tentatively scheduled to meet 2–27 August 2021 in New York (<em>postponed from its original dates 27 April–22 May 2020 due to the covid-19 pandemic measur</em><em>es</em><em> the noble cause of nuclear</em> disarmament received another blow: this time from the UK. The British government in its <strong>Integrated Review</strong> announced it will increase its nuclear weapon stockpile cap to <a href="https://www.icanw.org/uk_to_increase_nuclear_stockpile_limit?e=536a69d9802fce757a2d8344509bf74e&amp;utm_source=ican&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=uk_integrated_review_globalsub&amp;n=3"><strong>260 nuclear warheads</strong></a>. On March 16th, the United Kingdom announced that it would increase its limit on its nuclear arsenal <em>for the first time in decades</em>. Instead of decreasing its nuclear stockpile to 180 warheads &#8211; which is still a far cry from zero &#8211; in the mid-2020s, the UK will increase its stockpile cap to 260 warheads which represents a 40% increase.</p>
<p>The Geneva-based <em>International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</em> (ICAN) deplored the British government’s colossal reversal of its decades old policy of reducing its nuclear arsenal, calling it ‘shocking’ and ‘unacceptable’. The Nobel Peace Prize Laureate (2017) organization stresses in its relevant statement:</p>
<p><em>While most of the world’s countries have declared that nuclear weapons are illegal, the United Kingdom is moving in the wrong direction to increase its stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. The United Kingdom is currently engaged in a costly and lengthy project to build new nuclear-capable submarines, which it bases off the coast of Scotland, despite Scottish resistance to the bomb. In 2019 alone, the United Kingdom </em><a href="https://www.icanw.org/report_73_billion_nuclear_weapons_spending_2020"><em>spent $8.9 billion</em></a><em> on its nuclear weapons. This decision to increase its nuclear weapons stockpile, announced as part of its Integrated Review, flies in the face of UK promises under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to disarm.</em></p>
<p>In what concerns Cyprus, the UK’s Integrated Review envisages an upgraded role for the British military bases and other surveillance installations on the island: <em>Significant investment in the Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus will assure our ability to contribute to security, with allies, in the Eastern Mediterranean</em>, the 100 plus page strategy, <em>Global Britain in a Competitive Age,</em> states.</p>
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		<title>Nuclear Non Proliferation &#8211; NPT Treaty Fifty Years On</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/the-nuclear-non-proliferation-npt-treaty-fifty-years-on/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dr. Yiorghos Leventis]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 Dec 2020 21:08:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Global Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Non-Proliferation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NPT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear Disarmament]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Review Conference]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=790</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference held every five years was due to take place this year 2020. Due to the covid-19 pandemic it is postponed to next year. The new deadline to convene the Tenth Review Conference is now set for August 2021. But what is the purpose of this multilateral treaty? The [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference held every five years was due to take place this year 2020. Due to the covid-19 pandemic it is postponed to next year. The new deadline to convene the Tenth Review Conference is now set for August 2021.</p>
<p>But what is the purpose of this multilateral treaty? The <em>Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,</em> as its full title suggests, aims at limiting the spread of nuclear weapons around the world. The UN Secretary-General António Guterres, said on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the NPT’s opening for signature, 24 May 2018 in Geneva:</p>
<p><em>The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty is an essential pillar of international peace and security, and the heart of the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime. Its unique status is based on its near universal membership, legally-binding obligations on disarmament, verifiable non-proliferation safeguards regime, and commitment to the peaceful use of nuclear energy.</em></p>
<p>Thus the NPT is the essential pillar of the frail international disarmament regime. The Treaty not only demands from the signatories not to proliferate Nuclear Weapons but it also urges the Nuclear-Weapon States (NWS) to take effective measures to disarm themselves from their lethal arsenal. The <a href="http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/npt/text">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a> is a landmark international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.</p>
<p>The NPT is a unique treaty in the universal body of international law: it represents the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of disarmament by the Nuclear-Weapon States.</p>
<p>While the list of the parties to the NPT opened for signatures July 1<sup>st</sup>, 1968, the Treaty actually entered into force two years later in 1970. The provision for review conferences every five years (article VIII, paragraph 3) meant that on the fiftieth anniversary of the NPT’s entry into force, in 2020, we should have had the Tenth Review Conference. The Review Conference is going to take place before the end of summer in 2021 as explained above.</p>
<p>Why is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons so important? Simply because its membership coincides almost entirely with the UNO membership, that is to say 191 participating states including the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, which are all NWS. Consequently, the NPT is the most widely adhered to multilateral disarmament agreement. However, the second most populous country in the world, India, has not been admitted to the NPT as it has acquired nuclear weapons after the Treaty’s entry into force. India became a NWS in 1974.</p>
<p>Neighbouring Iran is a party to the NPT since 1970 but was found in non-compliance with its NPT safeguards agreement, and the status of its nuclear programme remains to this day in dispute, especially after the US withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), a hard negotiated compromise between Iran on the one hand and the rest of the world. In the US Department of State view, however, ‘the JCPOA is not a treaty or an executive agreement, and is not a signed document. The JCPOA reflects political commitments between Iran, the P5+1, and the EU’. [The P5+1 include the five permanent members of the UN Security Council: US, Russia, China UK and France plus Germany]. This is what Julia Frifield, the US Assistant Secretary for Legislative Affairs, opined in 2015. Subsequently, Donald Trump pulled out from the Iran nuclear deal. Nevertheless, president-elect Joe Biden undertook to restore it.</p>
<p>In all frankness, the NPT in its fifty years of life, failed to deliver the goals for which it was established i.e. to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and further to disarm the Nuclear Weapon States. Be that as it may, and in the absence of any other legally binding multilateral agreement, the NPT continues to be ‘the heart of the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime’.</p>
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		<title>56th Anniversary of First Chinese Nuclear Test</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/56th-anniversary-of-first-chinese-nuclear-test/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dr. Yiorghos Leventis]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Oct 2020 07:29:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Global Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UN Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[China]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Non-Proliferation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[NPT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear Disarmament]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=783</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[October 16th 2020 marked the 56th anniversary of China’s first nuclear test. This was a milestone in China’s rapid path into becoming the fifth nuclear weapon state (NWS). Unfortunately, following her, more countries would soon the list of NWS. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) formed in 1996, with the aim of limiting nuclear weapons [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>October 16<sup>th</sup> 2020 marked the 56<sup>th</sup> anniversary of China’s first nuclear test. This was a milestone in China’s rapid path into becoming the fifth nuclear weapon state (NWS). Unfortunately, following her, more countries would soon the list of NWS.</p>
<p>The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) formed in 1996, with the aim of limiting nuclear weapons tests, chronicles the first Chinese nuclear test as follows:</p>
<p><em>On 16 October 1964, the People’s Republic of China conducted its first nuclear test, making it the fifth nuclear-armed state after the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France. China had initiated its <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=n#nuclear-weapons">nuclear weapons</a> programme in the mid-1950s, after the Korean war. At the outset, its efforts were backed by substantial Soviet assistance, including advisors and technical equipment. Research on nuclear weapon design began at the Institute of Physics and Atomic Energy in Beijing, and a <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=u#uranium-enrichment">uranium enrichment</a> plant was constructed in Lanzhou to produce weapon-grade <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=u#uranium">uranium</a>.</em></p>
<p><em>With the cooling of Sino-Soviet relations in the late 1950s, the Soviet Union withdrew all assistance. In June 1959, Nikita Khrushchev decided to refuse the provision of a prototype bomb to the Chinese. This rupture prompted China to embark on its own nuclear testing project, code-named 59-6 after the month in which it was initiated.</em></p>
<p><em>Operation 59-6 was carried out at the Lop Nur test site in the Gobi desert of Xinjiang province, Western China, close to the ancient Silk Route. An <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=i#implosion-type">implosion-type</a> device was mounted from the top of a steel tower, producing a <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=y#yield">yield</a> of 22 <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=k#kilotons">kilotons</a>. It was the first of a total of 45 Chinese nuclear tests, all of which were conducted at Lop Nur. Twenty three of these tests were atmospheric and 22 underground, the yields ranging from 1 kiloton to 4 <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=m#megatons">megatons</a>. On <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/17-june-1967-chinas-first-thermonuclear-test/?textonly=1">17 June 1967</a>, just three years after operation 59-6 – faster than other nuclear weapon possessors &#8211; China detonated its first <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=h#hydrogen-bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>.</em></p>
<p><em>The <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/nuclear-testing/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing/chinas-nuclear-testing-programme/?textonly=1">effects</a> of China’s nuclear testing on human health, animals and the environment are largely unexplored due to the lack of publically available official data. The Xinjiang region is the largest Chinese administrative division and home to 20 million people of different ethnic backgrounds.  A <a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=did-chinas-nuclear-tests">study</a> carried out by the Japanese physicist Professor Jun Takada suggests that peak levels of <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=r#radioactivity">radioactivity</a> from China’s large-yield tests exceeded that of the 1986 Chernobyl reactor accident and seriously affected local populations.</em></p>
<p><em>In 2008, China started to pay undisclosed subsidies to personnel involved in nuclear testing. Compensation, however, has not been extended to civilian residents of the Xinjiang area, downwind of the Lop Nur test site.</em></p>
<p><em>China conducted its last test on 29 July 1996, only two months prior to signing the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (<a href="https://www.ctbto.org/the-treaty/?textonly=1">CTBT</a>) on 24 September 1996. However, it has yet to ratify the CTBT, a step that is mandatory for the Treaty’s entry into force. <a href="https://www.ctbto.org/index.php?id=280&amp;no_cache=1&amp;textonly=1&amp;letter=r#ratifications">Ratifications</a> of seven other nuclear-capable states are also missing: the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Egypt, India, Israel, Iran, Pakistan and the United States.</em></p>
<p>[Source : https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/16-october-1964-first-chinese-nuclear-test/]</p>
<p>In the context of the nuclear disarmament it is interesting to note that in a few months, not later than April 2021, the NPT Review Conference is due to take place. The 2020 NPT Review Conference has been postponed due to the covid-19 pandemic.</p>
<p>The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons opened for signature in 1968. the The NPT Treaty entered into force in 1970. Since then, the NPT has been the cornerstone of global nuclear non-proliferation regime. <a href="http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/npt">191 States parties have joined the Treaty</a>, including the five NWS, making the NPT the most widely adhered to, multilateral disarmament agreement.</p>
<p>In a nutshell, there are two legs to the NPT: the first leg pertains to the commitment of the states parties not to proliferate NWs, the second leg asks NWS to take measures in order to decommission their nuclear weapons arsenal. In the past fifty years of the Treaty’s existence emphasis has been solely placed on the non-proliferation provision as NWS have generally failed to report on nuclear disarmament steps.</p>
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