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		<title>To Καζακστάν Πρωτοπορεί στον Πυρηνικό Αφοπλισμό. Η Κύπρος Ουραγός</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/to-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%b6%ce%b1%ce%ba%cf%83%cf%84%ce%ac%ce%bd-%cf%80%cf%81%cf%89%cf%84%ce%bf%cf%80%ce%bf%cf%81%ce%b5%ce%af-%cf%83%cf%84%ce%bf%ce%bd-%cf%80%cf%85%cf%81%ce%b7%ce%bd%ce%b9%ce%ba%cf%8c-%ce%b1/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dr. Yiorghos Leventis]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 09:14:21 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eurasian Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Global Security]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear Disarmament]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=1043</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Στην Κύπρο, αλλά ακόμη και σε ευρωπαϊκές διασκέψεις των ειδημόνων στον αφοπλισμό (διαβουλεύσεις Βρυξελλών για τα Όπλα Μαζικής Καταστροφής: ΟΜΚ) &#8211; είναι ελάχιστα γνωστό ότι το Καζακστάν πρωτοπορεί στις διεθνείς διεργασίες για τον πυρηνικό αφοπλισμό. Στο επίπεδο της διεθνούς διπλωματίας για τα ζητήματα μείζονος σημασίας για την επιβίωση της ανθρωπότητας το Καζακστάν είναι πρωτοπόρος, η [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Στην Κύπρο, αλλά ακόμη και σε ευρωπαϊκές διασκέψεις των ειδημόνων στον αφοπλισμό (διαβουλεύσεις Βρυξελλών για τα Όπλα Μαζικής Καταστροφής: ΟΜΚ) &#8211; είναι ελάχιστα γνωστό ότι το Καζακστάν πρωτοπορεί στις διεθνείς διεργασίες για τον πυρηνικό αφοπλισμό. Στο επίπεδο της διεθνούς διπλωματίας για τα ζητήματα μείζονος σημασίας για την επιβίωση της ανθρωπότητας το Καζακστάν είναι πρωτοπόρος, η Κύπρος είναι ουραγός. Για να δούμε τα γεγονότα.</p>
<p>Το Καζακστάν, ομοσπονδοποιημένο στην κρατική δομή της ΕΣΣΔ, χώρα της Κεντρικής Ασίας, υπέφερε επί σαράντα χρόνια (1949-89) από τις πυρηνικές δοκιμές της πάλαι πότε κραταιάς Σοβιετικής Ένωσης. Η τότε Σοβιετική Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία του Καζακστάν φιλοξενούσε, έκουσα άκουσα, στο <strong>Σεμιπαλατίνσκ</strong>, πεδίο δοκιμών πυρηνικών όπλων της Μόσχας. Το Σεμιπαλατίνσκ βρίσκεται στα βορειονατολικά της αχανούς χώρας: το Καζακστάν έχει έκταση εικοσαπλάσια αυτής της Ελλάδας. Είναι όμως χώρα αραιοκατοικημένη, με πληθυσμό γύρω στα είκοσι εκατομμύρια &#8211; διπλάσιο μόνο του αντίστοιχου Ελληνικού. Τα Ρωσικά εξακολουθούν να επικρατούν ως επίσημη γλώσσα (μαζί με τα Καζακστανικά) και γλώσσα συνεννόησης των εθνικών ομάδων της χώρας. Μολαταύτα η χώρα βρίσκεται σε μεταβατικό γλωσσικό στάδιο: το κυριλλικό αλφάβητο σταδιακά εγκαταλείπεται μέχρι την πλήρη κωδικοποίηση και επισημοποίηση της χρήσης του λατινικού. Η Ρωσική μειονότητα εξακολουθεί να αποτελεί το 17 τα εκατό του πληθυσμού.</p>
<p>Στα σαράντα χρόνια της μεταπολεμικής ΕΣΣΔ, το <strong>Πόλυγον</strong>, όπως το Πεδίο Δοκιμών <strong>Semipalatinsk</strong> στα βορειοανατολικά της χώρας ήταν γνωστό, γνώρισε <strong>450</strong> <strong>πυρηνικές δοκιμές</strong>, δηλαδή περίπου μία δοκιμή κάθε μήνα. Ο όγκος και η ένταση των πυρηνικών δοκιμών άφησαν σοβαρά σημάδια στη χώρα: σοβαρή περιβαλλοντική και ως εκ τούτου ανθρωπιστική καταστροφή. Για σκοπούς σύγκρισης αναφέρουμε ότι περισσότερες από <strong>2.000</strong><strong> </strong><strong><a href="https://www.ertnews.gr/tag/pyrinikes-dokimes/">πυρηνικές δοκιμές</a></strong> έχουν πραγματοποιηθεί παγκοσμίως τα τελευταία <strong>80 χρόνια</strong>. Αν και οι εκρήξεις ήταν στιγμιαίες, οι επιπτώσεις τους – στην ανθρώπινη ζωή, στο περιβάλλον και στη γεωπολιτική σταθερότητα – εξακολουθούν να επηρεάζουν γενιές. Οι δοκιμές αυτές συχνά πραγματοποιούνταν σε απομονωμένες περιοχές, όμως οι επιπτώσεις τους είναι κάθε άλλο παρά περιορισμένες.</p>
<p>Έχοντας πληρώσει βαρύ τίμημα στην ανθρωπο-περιβαλλοντική καταστροφή, μετά την ανεξαρτησία η Αστάνα οικιοθελώς αποποιήθηκε του πυρηνικού οπλοστασίου της χώρας &#8211; το τέταρτο μεγαλύτερο στον κόσμο – και έκλεισε το <strong>Πόλυγον</strong>.</p>
<p>Κατά τα τελευταία χρόνια η Αστάνα επιδεικνύει ηγετικό ρόλο στην προώθηση της απόσυρσης των πυρηνικών όπλων. Το 2023 προήδρευσε της Επιτροπής Αφοπλισμού του ΟΗΕ συντονίζοντας τον διάλογο για την αντιμετώπιση αναδυούμενων απειλών.</p>
<p>Αναμφισβήτητα, το τρέχον έτος αποτελεί χρονικό ορόσημο. Εν μέσω σοβαρών γεωπολιτικών αναταράξεων &#8211; μεσούντων των πολέμων στην Ουκρανία και στην Μέση Ανατολή &#8211; λαμβάνει χώραν εντός του μηνός στη Νέα Υόρκη η <strong>Διάσκεψη Αναθεώρησης της Συνθήκης Μη Διάδοσης των Πυρηνικών Όπλων</strong> (Non Proliferation Treaty Review Conference 27 Απρίλη – 22 Μάη 2026).</p>
<p>Η Συνθήκη Μη Διάδοσης (ΣΜΔ) τέθηκε σε ισχύ το 1970. Μέχρι και σήμερα αποτελεί τον ακρογωνιαίο λίθο στο παγκόσμιο νομικό καθεστώς μη εξάπλωσης των πυρηνικών. Έχουν προσχωρήσει σε αυτή 191 κράτη συμπεριλαμβανομένων της Κύπρου, της Ελλάδας και της Τουρκίας και των πέντε αναγνωρισμένων πυρηνικών δυνάμεων (Βρετανίας, Γαλλίας, Κίνας, ΗΠΑ και Ρωσίας). Τέσσερεις μη αναγνωριμένες πυρηνικές δυνάμεις δεν συμμετέχουν στην ΣΜΔ: Ισραήλ, Ινδία, Πακιστάν και Βόρεια Κορέα. Η τελευταία αποσύρθηκε απο την συνθήκη το 2003. Δεν συμμετέχει επίσης το Νότιο Σουδάν.</p>
<p>Πρέπει να τονισθεί ότι η ΣΜΔ βασίζεται σε τρεις ίσης σημασίας πυλώνες:</p>
<ol>
<li>Πρόληψη της διάδοσης των πυρηνικών όπλων και της συναφούς τεχνολογίας.</li>
<li>Προώθηση της συνεργασίας στην ειρηνική χρήση της πυρηνικής ενέργειας.</li>
<li>Επίτευξη παγκόσμιου πυρηνικού αφοπλισμού.</li>
</ol>
<p>Στα πενήντα πέντε χρόνια της ισχύος της συνθήκης NPT τα αποτελέσματα είναι δυστυχώς απογοητευτικά: όχι μόνο οι πέντε αναγνωρισμένες πυρηνικές δυνάμεις δεν έλαβαν μέτρα για τον αφοπλισμό τους αλλά ο αριθμός των πυρηνικών δυνάμεων σχεδόν διπλασιάστηκε – σήμερα είναι εννιά.</p>
<p>Από πλευράς ισχύος έχουμε εκτιμήσεις <span data-sd-animate="true">για</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">το</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">2024</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">που δείχνουν</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">περίπου</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">12.500</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">ενεργά</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">πυρηνικά</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">όπλα</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">παγκοσμίως,</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">εκ</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">των</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">οποίων</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">περίπου</span> <strong><span data-sd-animate="true">3.700</span></strong> <span data-sd-animate="true">είναι</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">σε</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">επιχειρησιακή</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">ετοιμότητα</span>. <span data-sd-animate="true">Στην πρωτοπορία της κούρσας των πυρηνικών εξοπλισμών βρίσκεται η Ρωσική Ομοσπονδία  με 5.900 πυρηνικά στην φαρέτρα της ακολουθούμενη από τις ΗΠΑ</span> <span data-sd-animate="true">με περίπου 5.200</span>. Τα υπόλοιπα επτά πυρηνικά κράτη έχουν μικρότερα οπολοστάσια με εκτιμώμενο αριθμό πυρηνικών κεφαλών ως εξής: Κίνα <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" data-sd-animate="true">500</span>, Γαλλία 290, Ηνωμένο <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" data-sd-animate="true">Βασίλειο 225</span>, Πακιστάν 170–190, Ινδία 160–170, Ισραήλ 80–90, Βόρεια <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" data-sd-animate="true">Κορέα</span> <span style="font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;" data-sd-animate="true">40–70</span>.</p>
<p>Με μια <strong>αύξηση της τάξης του 11 τα εκατό σε σχέση με το 2023</strong>, <strong>οι εννιά πυρηνικές δυνάμεις υπολογίζεται ότι το</strong> <strong>2024 δαπάνησαν 100 δις δολλάρια για το πυρηνικό τους οπλοστάσιο</strong>. <strong>Η εξοπλιστική αυτή δαπάνη είναι υπετριπλάσια του Κυπριακού ΑΕΠ ($30 δις)</strong>. Η βραβευμένη με Νόμπελ Ειρήνης διεθνής ΜΚΟ ICAN σημειώνει ότι τα <strong>42 δις</strong> από τα 100 δις <strong>επωφελήθηκαν συμβαλλόμενες μεγάλες ιδιωτικές εταιρείες</strong> στα πλαίσια των πυρηνικών εξοπλιστικών προγραμμάτων.</p>
<p>Τον περασμένο μήνα, το Καζακστάν προήδρευσε της Τρίτης Συνεδρίας των Κρατών Μερών της <strong>Συνθήκης Απαγόρευσης των Πυρηνικών Όπλων. </strong>Την ίδια στιγμή, εν τη σοφία του, ο ΥΠΕΞ Κωνσταντίνος Κόμπος απαντώντας σε κοινοβουλευτική ερώτηση του ηγέτη των Κυπρίων Πρασίνων υπέδειξε ότι η λιλιπούτεια Κύπρος θα παραμείνει εκτός της ως άνω σύμβασης στο παρόν στάδιο. Καθόν χρόνο η ανησυχία του Κυπριακού πληθυσμού για την (κατά)χρήση των Βρετανικών Βάσεων από σειρά πυρηνικών δυνάμεων σίγουρα δεν μειώνεται.</p>
<p>Ενώ η Κύπρος σέρνεται από τις βουλές των πυρηνικών δυνάμεων, η Αστάνα πρωτοστατεί αν όχι στην εξάλειψη η οποία όντως φαίνεται χείμερα, στον δραστικό περιορισμό της πυρηνικής απειλής σε ένα μεταβαλλόμενο κόσμο ο οποίος γίνεται όλο και πιο επικίνδυνος με την έξαρση των περιφερειακών συγκρούσεων οι οποίες αποκτούν όλοένα και περισσότερο παγκόσμιο χαρακτήρα.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>*Ο Δρ Γιώργος Λεβέντης, Διευθυντής του </strong><strong>International</strong> <strong>Security</strong> <strong>Forum</strong><strong> Κύπρου, συμμετέχει στο Ευρωπαϊκό Δίκτυο Ειδημόνων για την Μη Διάδοση των Όπλων Μαζικής Καταστροφής.</strong></p>
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		<title>Dr Leventis Participates in the 14th European Disarmament Conference in Brussels, November 2025</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/dr-leventis-participates-in-the-14th-european-disarmament-conference-in-brussels-november-2025/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Dec 2025 08:22:17 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Newsletter]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Regional Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UN Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Dr Yiorghos Leventis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EU Strategic Compass]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[European Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[International Security Forum]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nuclear Disarmament]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=1031</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The International Security Forum’s Director, Dr Yiorghos Leventis, participated in person, for the fourteenth consecutive year, in the EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference. The 14th Disarmament Conference was held in Brussels on the 10th and 11th of November 2025. The ISF, established in Lefkosia (Nicosia) in 2009, is the only Cypriot think tank that has [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The International Security Forum’s Director, <strong>Dr Yiorghos Leventis</strong>, participated in person, for the fourteenth consecutive year, in the <strong>EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference</strong>. The 14<sup>th</sup> Disarmament Conference was held in Brussels on the 10<sup>th</sup> and 11<sup>th</sup> of November 2025. The ISF, established in Lefkosia (Nicosia) in 2009, is the only Cypriot think tank that has been steadfastly involved in the consultations of the <strong>European Network of Independent Think Tanks on Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Studies</strong>. The latter initiated its activities with a kick-off meeting in Brussels in 2011. Dr. Yiorghos Leventis took part in this inaugural historic session.</p>
<p>The 2025 EU Non-Proliferation &amp; Disarmament Conference was organised by the <strong>Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) of Rome</strong>. Remarkably, this year, the IAI celebrates its 60<sup>th</sup> anniversary of existence. The <strong>Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI)</strong>, an important think tank in Italy focused on international affairs, receives funding primarily from the Italian government through various budgetary allocations. As of <strong>2025</strong>, <strong>its annual funding from the Italian state is approximately</strong> <strong>€4.2 million</strong>.</p>
<p>In sharp contrast, <strong>the International Security Forum Cyprus has, in the seventeen years of its operation, received zero funding from the Cypriot government</strong>. Nevertheless, ISF raises the security and foreign policy-oriented research flag of the Republic of Cyprus where there is no presence otherwise.</p>
<p>The Brussels EU Disarmament Conference is the annual flagship event that brings together experts from governments, international organizations and research institutions worldwide to discuss all aspects of the EU&#8217;s non-proliferation and disarmament agenda. Invariably, this agenda, includes arms control, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, space security and emerging technologies. Over two days, participants engaged in open and substantive discussions aimed at advancing global non-proliferation and disarmament objectives. The Conference also seeks to support the implementation of the EU Strategic Compass. It formulates policy recommendations to strengthen the EU’s role in these fields.</p>
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		<title>Dr Leventis Interview with the Saint Pierre Center for International Security</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/dr-leventis-interview-with-the-saint-pierre-center-for-international-security/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 05 Dec 2024 14:50:57 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[UN Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UN Reform]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Affairs]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=998</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Our Director has recently given an interview to the Saint-Pierre Center for International Security (SPCIS) speaking on Global Stability in Focus: Disarmament, UN Reforms, and Pathways to Peace The interview will also be published in the magazine Chinese Views on Non-Traditional Security. The full text of the interview can be found in the following link:  https://www.spcis.org/post/yiorghos-leventis-global-stability-in-focus-disarmament-un-reforms-and-pathways-to-peace]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Our Director has recently given an interview to the</strong> <strong>Saint-Pierre Center for International Security (SPCIS) speaking on</strong></p>
<h2 class="UbhFJ7 nkqC0Q blog-post-title-font blog-post-title-color blog-text-color post-title blog-hover-container-element-color FG3qXk blog-post-page-title-font" data-hook="post-title"><span class="post-title__text blog-post-title-font blog-post-title-color"><span class="blog-post-title-font blog-post-title-color">Global Stability in Focus: Disarmament, UN Reforms, and Pathways to Peace</span></span></h2>
<p><strong> The interview will also be published in the magazine <em>Chinese Views on Non-Traditional Security. The full text of the interview can be found in the following link: </em></strong></p>
<h4 class="UbhFJ7 nkqC0Q blog-post-title-font blog-post-title-color blog-text-color post-title blog-hover-container-element-color FG3qXk blog-post-page-title-font" data-hook="post-title"><a href="https://www.spcis.org/post/yiorghos-leventis-global-stability-in-focus-disarmament-un-reforms-and-pathways-to-peace"><span class="post-title__text blog-post-title-font blog-post-title-color"><span class="blog-post-title-font blog-post-title-color">https://www.spcis.org/post/yiorghos-leventis-global-stability-in-focus-disarmament-un-reforms-and-pathways-to-peace</span></span></a></h4>
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		<title>ISF Director Participates in 8th EU Disarmament Conference, Brussels</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/isf-director-participates-in-8th-eu-disarmament-conference-brussels/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Dec 2019 09:03:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eastern Mediterranean]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Israel]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[World Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=730</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[International Security Forum Director, Prof. Dr. Yiorghos Leventis, participated in the eighth EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference held at Palais d’ Egmont, Brussels on the 13th and 14th December 2019. The EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference is the annual flagship event of the European network of independent non-proliferation and disarmament think tanks. In his intervention [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p style="font-size:18px" class="has-background has-drop-cap has-text-align-left has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color">International Security Forum Director, Prof. Dr. Yiorghos Leventis, participated in the eighth EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference held at Palais d’ Egmont, Brussels on the 13<sup>th</sup> and 14<sup>th</sup> December 2019. The EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Conference is the annual flagship event of the European network of independent non-proliferation and disarmament think tanks. </p>



<p style="font-size:18px" class="has-background has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color">In his intervention
during the consultation session, 12<sup>th</sup> December, 2019, Dr. Leventis
stressed the role of the International Security Forum as the leading Cypriot
think tank promoting the cause of peace and disarmament in the region. In this context
he emphasized that the island republic of Cyprus, being the south easternmost gate
to the European Union but at the same time enjoying friendly bilateral
relations with the Arab world as well as Israel and Iran offers the perfect
venue for reconciliation and disarmament efforts promoting much needed peace
and stability in the turbulent Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.</p>



<p style="font-size:18px" class="has-background has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color">In the margins of the three-day Brussels conference, Dr. Leventis held private meetings and consultations with a large number of delegates, including officials of the European External Action Service, discussing ways the International Security Forum, Cyprus can contribute to the network’s stated goals. </p>
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		<title>Is Israel Going Down Unilateral Path?</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/is-israel-going-down-unilateral-path/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 13 Jul 2019 08:25:22 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eastern Mediterranean]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Israel]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Middle East]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Regional Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkey]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Airspace]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syrian Conflict]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=719</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Media attention caused by the explosion in the occupied part of Cyprus in early July, finally eased down. Many controversial statements were made. Unfortunately, it seems that no account of the events offered, sorted out the causes of the incident in detail. Everyone seemed to be unworried by the allegations that the incident was accidental [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p>Media attention caused by the explosion in the
occupied part of Cyprus in early July, finally eased down. Many controversial
statements were made. Unfortunately, it seems that no account of the events
offered, sorted out the causes of the incident in detail. Everyone seemed to be
unworried by the allegations that the incident was accidental and the probability
of its recurrence extremely low. However, no one was able to give convincing
assurances that the incident will not be repeated in the future. Fortunately, this
time the explosion on the Pentadaktylos mountain range caused no casualties. Alas,
this was the case only here, in Cyprus.</p>



<p>Navel gazers and insular islanders as we mostly are, we
tend to forget that neighbours civilians &#8211; citizens of Syria &#8211; including a baby
were killed. Many cynically noticed that the Syrian authorities needed to be
more careful when using their anti-aircraft missile systems. Is this is
possible when we speak about the lives of innocent people? Apparently, the crew
of the Syrian Air Defense systems defended their own people from the missile
attacks of the Israeli Air Force. Had they not reacted, there could probably be
more civilian casualties. Shouldn’t those who use lethal weapons causing
inadvertently collateral damage of unnecessary human suffering, be more humane
and considerate? As the Israeli authorities offered no comments, the international
community apparently followed suit.</p>



<p>It is noteworthy that the air raid of the Israeli Air
Force was carried out from the airspace of Cyprus and Lebanon. It is rather odd
in this respect that the Israeli Air Force should use the Cyprus airspace to
launch an attack on the soil of a third friendly country and not the national
airspace of Israel. The Cypriot leadership considers Israel a friendly country,
the main regional partner and protector of Cyprus interests. But let us stop
for a moment and ponder: in the worst case scenario of a further Turkish advance,
will Israel really come to our rescue? We are of the humble opinion that the
strategic alliance with Israel, however expedient it may be at the current
juncture, has to be more balanced in order to avoid unpleasant consequences
which potentially damage Cyprus’ friendly relations with other immediate
neighbours to the east. </p>



<p>Faisal Al-Mikdad, Syrian Deputy Foreign Minister declared
his country’s readiness to change its response to Israeli aggression. In other
words, it looks like that the era of Syrian restraint in the face of Israeli
Air Force raids on Syrian territory is coming to an end. In the light of the
new Syrian assertiveness, no one can guarantee that in the course of repelling
the next attacks of the Israeli Air Force, another load of lethal ammunition
will not land on our island. Nobody, in his right mind, wants chance to become
a regularity.</p>



<p>Like any other unilateral actions, such Israeli air attacks carry the danger of regional destabilisation. In such conditions, the national security interests of none of the Eastern Mediterranean states can be reliably ensured. We are in dire need of a truly comprehensive and multilateral approach to be adopted by all parties in order to achieve stability and security in the region.</p>
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		<title>British Neocolonialism across Oceans: Chagos &#038; Cyprus</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/british-neocolonialism-across-oceans-chagos-cyprus/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 31 May 2019 06:43:33 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Chagos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Neocolonialism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UK]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=716</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Since the middle of last week many mass media outlets around the globe discuss the resolution of UN General Assembly (UNGA) about the Mauritius. The relevant resolution calls Great Britain to give up control over the Chagos Islands in the Indian Ocean. London has been occupying the Chagos Archipelago Islands unlawfully (against the will of [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p>Since the middle of last week many mass media outlets
around the globe discuss
the resolution of UN General
Assembly (UNGA) about the Mauritius. The relevant resolution calls Great
Britain to give up control over the Chagos Islands in the Indian Ocean. London has
been occupying the Chagos Archipelago Islands unlawfully (against the will of the
indigenous people) since 1965. &nbsp;Ironically,
it was the Harold Wilson headed Labour Government which on the 8<sup>th</sup>
of November 1965 formally declared the Chagos Archipelago a UK Overseas
Territory. </p>



<p>The recent UNGA Chagos resolution forms a landmark. A serious
blow was dealt to British neocolonialism. It may herald the sunset
of such era. The Cypriot President reacted warning the British to be more careful
in their statements about
sovereign rights of the
Republic of Cyprus. On the contrary, the Cypriot Foreign Minister adopted a rather
submissive attitude on this crucial matter. Christodoulides referred to inexpediency
to discuss the issue of legal regulations of British military bases in Cyprus.
But when if not now?</p>



<p>The recent provocative statements of Sir Alan Duncan,
the British Minister for European Affairs, about &#8220;disputed areas of the
Exclusive Economic Zone of the Republic of Cyprus&#8221; force us to reflect once
again on the role of the British in the history of our long-suffering island
and their true goals in Cyprus. Their meanness and indifference towards the
Cypriot people began to manifest itself from the very beginning of their
arrival. Even then, they tried at all costs to gain a foothold on the island. They
were prepared to do anything, including organized torture of the Cypriot people,
to maintain their military bases in Cyprus.</p>



<p>In the 1950s, when London&#8217;s position in Cyprus was seriously
shaken, the British skillfully metamorphosed the conflict from the format of
the metropolis-colony to inter-communal confrontation. The colonial
authorities, resorting to the tactics of &#8220;divide and rule&#8221;,
maneuvered between the two communities of the island, deliberately inciting discord
between them. From this early stage, the British colonialists realized that
only the constant tension in relations between the majority Greeks and the minority
Turks will allow them to maintain their military presence on the island. In
order to implement this plan, the British leadership has periodically added oil
to the fire. Alan Duncan&#8217;s statement is another cunning move aimed at
aggravating the already difficult situation on the island. All of this is
nothing more than another form of British neo-colonialism. When we talk about
the British involvement in the settlement of the Cyprus problem, we must be
clear that their objectives have remained unchanged for many decades – to
maintain their presence and decisive influence on the island. Only the ways and
methods of achieving these goals are changing. Therefore, there should be no
illusions about the constructive contribution of London to the Cyprus
settlement.</p>



<p>The reaction of our leaders to such provocative British
actions must make us seriously concerned. Their timid statements are perceived
in London with mockery. It is high time we called things with their real names.
In order not to be confused as to who are our friends and who are our foes. Our
leaders ought to stop paying homage to the Queen of England the very days the
Cypriot people celebrate honor the memory of the heroes who gave their lives in
the fight to throw the colonial yoke. Instead the Cypriot leadership should
rebuff the British neo-colonialists. Even the leadership of the Lilliputian
Mauritius with perseverance and dignity defends the interests of its people in
the struggle for full sovereignty over the territories illegally maintained by
the British colonizers. The success of this just struggle has already been
consolidated by the relevant decisions of the International Court of Justice in
The Hague and the UN General Assembly.&nbsp;
Despite this, we continue to sit out and wait &#8230; we are seized by
inertia.</p>



<p>The British do not treat only such small states as
Mauritius or Cyprus in such a condescending way. The British think they can do
everything themselves, or with the help, in subordinate roles, of their former
colonies. They do not think they have anything to learn from strange foreigners
they know little or nothing about, who do not speak English and whose politics
do not follow the British line.</p>



<p>They persist in imposing their neo-colonialist
interests on the world through an active propaganda campaign. More specifically,
it is revealed that the so-called <em>Integrity
Initiative</em> project was founded in the UK in 2015 with the goal of
interfering in the internal affairs of various European countries. The
masterminds behind this project wanted to undermine any attempts that EU states
could take at seeking rapprochement with countries such as Russia, China, Iran
and Venezuela. The documents leaked on the internet indicate that Britain’s
Foreign Office would launch subversive activities in Spain, France, Germany,
Italy, Greece, The Netherlands, Lithuania, Norway, Serbia and Montenegro. For
instance, it turns out that the <em>Konrad-Adenauer
Stiftung</em> operating in Germany was among the beneficiaries of the <em>Integrity Initiative</em>, which in turn is
accused of sponsoring the fascist coup d’état in Ukraine (2014).</p>



<p>It is curious enough that the <em>Integrity Initiative</em> was founded by a man called Christopher Nigel
Donnelly who occupies the position of the co-director at the Institute for
Statecraft. In Ukraine, Donnelly’s affiliates are known for conducting seminar
on ‘the Orthodox Church as a weapon of war’. Moreover, the practical
implementation of his circles’ ideas, advanced in their sermons, is the most
recent provocation in the country that resulted in a split within the Ukrainian
Orthodox Church.</p>



<p>In this regard, a recent <em>Bloomberg</em> analysis emphasizes a “visible fatigue from Anglo-Saxon
lecturing” observed all across the globe; which is a sign that the
English-speaking world is losing intellectual legitimacy. British propagandists
would be better off getting their facts straight while they still have some
readers to fool.</p>



<p>Another powerful tool of British neocolonialist policy is the Commonwealth. Hardly anyone can name the true goals of this organization. Only London knows them. In this regard, we would like to know what specific benefits the Cypriot people have in participating in this unipolar organization. It is worth mentioning in this regard that Ireland, which geographically forms an integral part of the British Isles, has long ago stepped out of the Commonwealth.</p>
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		<title>Lobby for Cyprus: Sir Alan Duncan Misleads Parliament over Cyprus EEZ</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/lobby-for-cyprus-sir-alan-duncan-misleads-parliament-over-cyprus-eez/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 21 May 2019 09:45:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[British Parliament]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[EEZ]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[FCO]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sir Alan Duncan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkey]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UK]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=711</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[In an open letter addressed to Jeremy Hunt, Foreign Secretary, the London based UK charity registered organization Lobby for Cyprus (LfC) accuses Sir Alan Duncan, Minister of State for Europe and the Americas, Foreign &#38; Commonwealth Office, of &#8216;knowingly misleading Parliament&#8217; over the issue of sovereignty in Cyprus southern waters. In addition, in a scathing [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="has-background has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color">In an open letter addressed to Jeremy Hunt, Foreign Secretary, the London based UK charity registered organization <em>Lobby for Cyprus</em> (LfC) accuses Sir Alan Duncan, Minister of State for Europe and the Americas, Foreign &amp; Commonwealth Office, of &#8216;knowingly misleading Parliament&#8217; over the issue of sovereignty in Cyprus southern waters. In addition, in a scathing criticism of the FCO&#8217;s ill-conceived Cyprus policy, LfC argues that Sir Alan <em>damaged British interests by undermining Anglo-Cypriot relations and fuelling calls for the Republic of Cyprus to take robust action over the remnants of the Crown Colony of Cyprus known as ‘the Sovereign Base Areas&#8217;</em>. Last but not least, LfC calls on the British Government to take punitive action against Turkey, as Ankara has been repeatedly violating international law over its approach to the sovereign independent Republic of Cyprus.</p>



<p>The full text of the open letter to the FCO Secretary is as follows:</p>



<table class="wp-block-table"><tbody><tr><td>The Rt Hon Jeremy Hunt MP&nbsp;<br>Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs<br>Foreign and Commonwealth Office<br>King Charles Street<br>London SW1A 2AH&nbsp;<br><br>17 May 2019<br><br>Dear Minister<br><br>I am writing to you regarding the reply given by the Rt Hon Sir Alan Duncan KCMG MP, Minister for Europe, in response to the oral question asked by Bambos Charalambos MP during Foreign Office Questions on Tuesday 14 May 2019 regarding Turkey’s invasion of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Republic of Cyprus.<br><br>The response given by Sir Alan was as follows: “The position of the UK is that, in line with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, exploratory drilling should not proceed in any area where sovereignty is under dispute.”<br><br>I expected more from Sir Alan, a Minister of a country which prides itself on standing up for international law and the rule of law generally.<br><br>In September 2018, in blatant disregard for international law, Turkey begun threatening to drill for hydrocarbons in the EEZ of the Republic of Cyprus. On or about the 4 May 2019, the Turkish vessel Fatih and its support ships entered the EEZ of the Republic of Cyprus. In 1974, Turkey systematically breached the law by invading, occupying and ethno-religiously cleansing 36 percent of the territory and 57 percent of the coastline of the Republic of Cyprus. Now, Turkey has sent its drilling ship and support vessels to break the law once again, not least by engaging in theft, plunder and pillage.<br><br>Turkey has no moral or legal right to appropriate for itself hydrocarbons lawfully belonging to the Republic of Cyprus. Bearing in mind that Turkey has been the occupying power in the northern area of Cyprus since 1974, any arbitrary extraction of Cypriot natural gas by Turkey would not only violate the United Nations Charter of 1945 and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (UNCLOS). It would also constitute a war crime. Under Article 33.2 of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949: “Pillage is prohibited”. &nbsp;Moreover, under Article 8.2(b)(v) of the Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court of 1998, pillage is a war crime.&nbsp;<br><br>It is no surprise that Turkey has failed to sign either UNCLOS or the Rome Statute.<br><br>On 4 May 2019, Federica Mogherini, EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy / Vice President of the EU Commission, expressed “grave concern over Turkey&#8217;s announced intention to carry out drilling activities within the exclusive economic zone of Cyprus”. Ms Mogherini urgently called on Turkey “to show restraint, respect the sovereign rights of Cyprus in its exclusive economic zone and refrain from any such illegal action to which the European Union will respond appropriately and in full solidarity with Cyprus.”&nbsp;<br><br>It was most disappointing that the UK has not also taken a principled stance on this latest violation by Turkey. On the contrary, the ministerial answer by Sir Alan effectively constitutes a hostile act with the ability to destabilise an already volatile region. &nbsp;<br><br>Sir Alan’s answer appears to have been a premeditated and considered response which challenges the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus, a fellow member of the United Nations, Council of Europe, European Union and the Commonwealth. Indeed, Sir Alan appears to have engaged in a dangerous form of appeasement reminiscent of the UK’s capitulation to Germany when Hitler was bullying Czechoslovakia in 1938.<br><br>What is already clear is that Sir Alan’s answer has damaged British interests by undermining Anglo-Cypriot relations and fuelling calls for the Republic of Cyprus to take robust action over the remnants of the Crown Colony of Cyprus known as ‘the Sovereign Base Areas’. &nbsp;<br><br>Sir Alan and you, as his ministerial superior, must correct the public record by confirming that the UK fully respects – and does not dispute – the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus. Both of you should also issue an urgent warning directed towards Turkey. &nbsp;The warning must include a demand that Turkey ceases its operations in the EEZ of the Republic.&nbsp;<br><br>I remind you that paragraph (2) of the House of Commons Resolution on Ministerial Accountability, as agreed on 19 March 1997, and paragraph 1.3.c of the Ministerial Code, as updated in January 2018, both state the following:&nbsp;It is of paramount importance that Ministers give accurate and truthful information to Parliament, correcting any inadvertent error at the earliest opportunity. Ministers who knowingly mislead Parliament will be expected to offer their resignation to the Prime Minister.Accordingly, subject to your response to this letter, I reserve the right to refer this matter to the Prime Minister under paragraph 1.4 of the Ministerial Code under which:&nbsp;It is not the role of the Cabinet Secretary or other officials to enforce the Code. If there is an allegation about a breach of the Code, and the Prime Minister, having consulted the Cabinet Secretary feels that it warrants further investigation, she will refer the matter to the independent adviser on Ministers’ interests.The UK and the international organisations to which it belongs must additionally take concrete action to hold Turkey accountable. As the ‘penholder’ of UN Security Council Resolutions regarding Cyprus, the UK is in a strong position to initiate such action. &nbsp;Measures must be imposed forthwith on Turkey, for example via punitive measures, Turkey must also be punished for acting as an occupying power and as a sustained source of instability in the Eastern Mediterranean region.&nbsp;<br><br>The citizens of the Republic of Cyprus, particularly its forcibly displaced citizens, have long paid the price of international tolerance of Turkey. It is time that this tolerance ended. &nbsp;<br><br>If, however, the UK fails to act, it risks aligning itself ever more closely with a rogue state. Its reputation as a guardian of international law will also be tarnished, if not destroyed.<br><br>I look forward to your response to this letter.<br><br><em>Lobby for Cyprus</em></td></tr></tbody></table>
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		<title>Φεύγουν οι Βρετανοί που Μένουν &#8230;</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/%cf%86%ce%b5%cf%8d%ce%b3%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bd-%ce%bf%ce%b9-%ce%b2%cf%81%ce%b5%cf%84%ce%b1%ce%bd%ce%bf%ce%af-%cf%80%ce%bf%cf%85-%ce%bc%ce%ad%ce%bd%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bd/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Dec 2018 10:33:13 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Brexit]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[British Bases]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Enosis]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ICJ]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mauritious]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sovereignty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Suez]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[UK]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=696</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Η σχέση της Κύπρου με τους Βρετανούς ανάγεται στην σύγχρονη εποχή από το Συνέδριο του Βερολίνου του 1878 όπου αποφασίστηκε η ανακατανομή εδαφών της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας η οποία είχε ηττηθεί από την Ρωσική στην τελευταία τους πολεμική σύγκρουση το 1877-78. Ο Εβραϊκής καταγωγής Βρετανός πρωθυπουργός Benjamin Disraeli, αναγνωρίζοντας την ύψιστη στρατηγική σημασία του νησιού στο [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p>Η σχέση της Κύπρου με τους Βρετανούς ανάγεται στην σύγχρονη εποχή από το Συνέδριο του Βερολίνου του 1878 όπου αποφασίστηκε η ανακατανομή εδαφών της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας η οποία είχε ηττηθεί από την Ρωσική στην τελευταία τους πολεμική σύγκρουση το 1877-78. Ο Εβραϊκής καταγωγής Βρετανός πρωθυπουργός Benjamin Disraeli, αναγνωρίζοντας την ύψιστη στρατηγική σημασία του νησιού στο σταυροδρόμι τριών ηπείρων, ουσιαστικά άρπαξε την Κύπρο από τους Οθωμανούς, δίνοντας τους μια νεφελώδη υπόσχεση ότι θα προστρέξει σε βοήθεια αν οι Ρώσοι δοκιμάσουν να κατέλθουν νοτιότερα της Μαύρης Θάλασσας.</p>



<p>Έκτοτε οι Βρετανοί αποικιοκράτες εφαρμόζοντας με δεξιοτεχνία την ιμπεριαλιστική πολιτική του ‘διαίρει και βασίλευε’ κατάφεραν να διαιωνίσουν έναντι μηδαμινού έως ανύπαρκτου κόστους την στρατιωτική παρουσία τους στην ιστορική ελληνική μεγαλόνησο διασφαλίζοντας ότι η Κύπρος θα παραμείνει ένα αβύθιστο αεροπλανοφόρο στη διάθεση των ιμπεριαλιστικών τους σχεδίων στην καθ’ ημάς Ανατολή.</p>



<p>Όταν ο <em>Winston Churchill </em>διέτασσε τον Βρετανό στρατηγό <em>Ronald MacKenzie Scobie  </em>να ‘διοικήσει’ την Αθήνα ως κατεχόμενη πόλη τον Δεκέμβρη του 1944 &#8211; μετά την λήξη της Ναζιστικής κατοχής &#8211; με την Βασιλική Αεροπορία (RAF) της Βρετανίας να βομβαρδίζει τις φτωχοσυνοικίες της Ελληνικής πρωτεύουσας για να τσακίσει την αντίσταση των Ελλήνων αντιστασιακών του ΕΑΜ-ΕΛΑΣ, γινόταν φανερό ότι ο Βρετανός πρωθυπουργός κάθε άλλο παρά θα ικανοποιούσε το δίκαιο αίτημα των Ελλήνων της Κύπρου για Αυτοδιάθεση-Ένωση. Κι ενώ ο Συντηρητικός Churchill αθέτησε την υπόσχεση του για αυτοδιάθεση των Κυπρίων – οι οποίοι πολέμησαν τον Ναζισμό υπό το δικό του σύνθημα Fight for Freedom, Fight for Greece &#8211; και η πρώτη μεταπολεμική Εργατική Κυβέρνηση υπό τον Clement Richard Attlee (1883-1967) τήρησε την ίδια άτεγκτη ιμπεριαλιστική στάση κατακρατώντας την Κύπρο υπό Βρετανική κυριαρχία κατά παράβαση του πνεύματος του νεοπαγούς Καταστατικού Χάρτη του ΟΗΕ (1945).</p>



<p>Μια δεκαετία αργότερα το αίτημα της άσκησης Αυτοδιάθεσης με την Ένωση της Κύπρου με την Ελλάδα φουντώνει. Η σκαιότατη Βρετανική άρνηση συζήτησης του &nbsp;θέματος αναγκάζει τον Στρατηγό Παπάγο να εγγράψει το ζήτημα ενώπιον της Γενικής Συνέλευσης του ΟΗΕ (1954-55) παρά τις ακόμη ανοιχτές πληγές του καταστροφικού Εμφυλίου πολέμου. Οι Βρετανοί κατατροπώνουν το δίκαιο ελληνικό αίτημα στην διεθνή αμφικτιονία αφού πήραν με το μέρος τους, τους Αμερικανούς και δασκάλεψαν την κοιμωμένη Τουρκική μειονότητα να αντιδράσει. Τα αποδεσμευμένα Βρετανικά έγγραφα τεκμηριώνουν την όλη Βρετανική επιχείρηση μετάβασης Τουρκοκυπριακής αντιπροσωπείας στην έδρα του διεθνούς οργανισμού προς αντίκρουση του δίκαιου ελληνικού αιτήματος.</p>



<p>Καλλιεργώντας την αντιπαλότητα της Τουρκικής μειοψηφίας (20%) κατά της καταπληκτικής Ελληνικής πλειοψηφίας (80%), η Βρετανική αποικιακή διοίκηση Κύπρου οργανώνει ειδικά επικουρικά σώματα ασφαλείας τα οποία επανδρώνει εξ ολοκλήρου με Τουρκοκύπριους επικουρικούς αστυνομικούς. Οι τελευταίοι, υπό την καθοδήγηση Βρετανών αξιωματικών, κυνηγούν ανηλεώς και βασανίζουν αγωνιστές της ΕΟΚΑ. (Τα εγκλήματα Βρετανών και Τούρκων βασανιστών παραμένουν εν πολλοίς ατιμώρητα. Αν και Βρετανικά δικαστήρια έχουν επιδικάσει αποζημιώσεις σε ελάχιστο αριθμό βασανισθέντων παραπονούμενων Ελλήνων Κυπρίων αγωνιστών)</p>



<p>Η Βρετανική αποχώρηση από το Σουέζ το 1956 γίνεται σταθμός για την τύχη της Κύπρου ως αβύθιστης Βρετανικής Αεροπορικής και Ναυτικής Βάσης. Οι Βρετανοί ιμπεριαλιστές μεταφέρουν το Στρατηγείο Μέσης Ανατολής από το χαμένο – γι’ αυτούς και τους Γάλλους – Σουέζ στην Κύπρο. Έτσι δημιουργούνται οι Βρετανικές Βάσεις οι οποίες, ως γνωστόν, παραμένουν μέχρι και σήμερα με σαφέστατη Βρετανική απόπειρα να διαιωνιστεί  &#8230; αφιλοκερδώς η παρουσία τους.  </p>



<p>Κι όμως πρόσφατες εκτιμήσεις σε Βρετανικά έγγραφα παραδέχονται ότι οι στρατιωτικές βάσεις στην Κύπρο είναι κατάλοιπο της αποικιοκρατίας και ότι η εσαεί παρουσία τους καθίσταται προβληματική. </p>



<p>Βρισκόμαστε στο 2018. Μια πυκνή σειρά αλλεπάλληλων διεθνών γεγονότων έχουν άμεση σχέση με την Βρετανική στρατιωτική παρουσία στην Κύπρο. </p>



<p>Νωρίτερα αυτόν τον χρόνο οι αρχές του Μαυρικίου (μικρού νησιωτικού κράτους 2,000 τ. χλμ. με πληθυσμό περίπου 1,3 εκατομμυρίων κατοίκων ανατολικά της Μαδαγασκάρης στον Ινδικό Ωκεανό) κατέθεσαν προσφυγή στο Διεθνές Δικαστήριο της Χάγης διαμαρτυρόμενες για την αποκόλληση των νησιών Τσάγκος στον Ινδικό Ωκεανό, από την κυριαρχία του. Πράξη που καταλογίζεται στους Βρετανούς νεο-αποικιοκράτες. Το Λονδίνο αυθαίρετα δημιούργησε εκεί στρατιωτική βάση στερώντας την κυριαρχία επί αυτού του συμπλέγματος νήσων από το νεοσύστατο κράτος του Μαυρικίου στο οποίο παραχώρησε ανεξαρτησία το 1968. Καθίσταται σαφές από την προσφυγή της κυβέρνησης του στο Διεθνές Δικαστήριο ότι η ανεξαρτησία και κυριαρχία του Μαυρικίου είναι κομμένη και ραμμένη στα μέτρα της εξυπηρέτησης των Βρετανικών ιμπεριαλιστικών σχεδίων, όπως εν πολλοίς και στην περίπτωση της Κύπρου.</p>



<p>Η τολμηρή κίνηση του λιλιπούτειου Μαυρικίου &#8211; το έδαφος του οποίου αντιστοιχεί με το ένα τρίτο περίπου της ελεύθερης Κύπρου &#8211; να προσφύγει σε θεσμικό όργανο Διεθνούς Δικαίου για να βρει το δίκιο του στην ανάκτηση εθνικών εδαφών του, αφύπνισε, από τον λήθαργο της, την Νομική Υπηρεσία της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας η οποία και έστειλε στη Χάγη αντιπροσωπεία για να τοποθετηθεί επί του επίκαιρου θέματος, η έκβαση του οποίου θα είχε σαφείς προεκτάσεις για το καθεστώς των Βρετανικών Βάσεων επί του Κυπριακού εδάφους. </p>



<p>Μολαταύτα η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία και τα όργανα της παραμένουν ουρά των εξελίξεων. Στην διεθνή σκακιέρα, κοσμοϊστορικά γεγονότα λαμβάνουν χώρα και οι ευκαιρίες μένουν ανεκμετάλλευτες: η εν εξελίξει αποχώρηση του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου από την ΕΕ, η οποία πρέπει να ολοκληρωθεί σε τρεις μήνες από τώρα, παρέχει μια καταπληκτική ευκαιρία για την ΚΔ να θέσει επιτακτικά το θέμα <em>αποχώρησης των Βρετανικών Βάσεων και λοιπών κατασκοπευτικών εγκαταστάσεων από το Κυπριακό έδαφος</em>. Σε μια εποχή που η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση κάνει βήματα περαιτέρω συντονισμού και ολοκλήρωσης της αμυντικής πολιτικής και της πολιτικής ασφάλειας της, οι Βρετανοί αποχωρούν θέλοντας να ακολουθήσουν τον δικό τους δρόμο (πάντα δεν ασκούσαν δική τους πολιτική όντας εντός της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης; Βλέπε π.χ. εισβολή στο Ιράκ το 2003 με χρήση Ακρωτηρίου). Η Κύπριακή Δημοκρατία είναι αναπόσπαστο μέρος της ΕΕ, οι Βρετανοί πλέον δεν είναι. Με έκπληξη μας ακούσαμε χθες τον ΠτΔ στο βήμα του Ευρωκοινοβουλίου να αναφέρεται ακροθιγώς στο Brexit, λέγοντας ότι διασφάλισε τα δικαιώματα των Κυπρίων κατοίκων των ΒΒ να είναι ανάλογα των υπολοίπων της ΕΕ. Δεν είναι, κε Πρόεδρε. Και δεν είναι για όλους τους Κύπριους γιατί οι Βρετανοί εκμεταλλεύονται για δεκαετίες έδαφος, εναέριο και θαλάσσιο χώρο της Κύπρου όχι μόνο χωρίς κόστος για τους ίδιους, αλλά έτι χειρότερα με το βαρύ κόστος της αιώνιας διαιρετικής τους πολιτικής να επιβαρύνει τις μελλοντικές γενεές των Κυπρίων …</p>



<p>Οι πτυχές του της μονομέρειας του καθεστώτος των Βρετανικών στρατιωτικών εγκαταστάσεων και διευκολύνσεων στην Κύπρο είναι πολύπλοκες και θα επανέλθουμε.</p>



<p>Εν κατακλείδι μια σημαντική επισήμανση – όχι μόνο πρωτοκόλλου – η οποία δίνει σαφές το στίγμα της Βρετανικής υπεροψίας: όλα αυτά τα χρόνια Βρετανοί αξιωματούχοι μπαινοβγαίνουν στις Βάσεις και δεν χαιρετούν ούτε εθιμοτυπικά εκπρόσωπο της κυβέρνησης αυτού του τόπου. Πριν μια βδομάδα (5 Δεκεμβρίου) ο δούκας και η δούκισσα του Cambridge, πρίγκηπας William και η σύζυγος του, Kate Middleton, κατέβηκαν στο Ακρωτήρι διότι έτσι τους ήρθε. Από ποιόν αρμόδιο αξιωματούχο της ΚΔ πήραν την άδεια; Μας συμπεριφέρονται σα να μην υπάρχουμε …</p>
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		<title>Turkey Grand Strategy 1974: Invasion of Cyprus, 1939: Annexation of Alexandretta, 2018: Invasion of Syria</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/turkey-grand-strategy-1974-invasion-of-cyprus-1939-annexation-of-alexandretta-2018-invasion-of-syria/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[EDITOR]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 06 Feb 2018 11:41:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Eurasian Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Global Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Regional Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[World Affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Attila Operation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cyprus]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Erdogan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gunes]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Olive Branch Operation]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Syria]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Turkey]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.inter-security-forum.org/?p=665</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[The day before yesterday, the PYG Kurdish freedom fighters in the Afrin region succeeded in destroying an invading Turkish tank. The PYG stiff resistance to the invading Turkish forces and their lackeys &#8211; the Free Syrian Army &#8211; is becoming more and more remarkable. This Kurdish People’s Protection Units’ success was the biggest so far [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The day before yesterday, the PYG Kurdish freedom fighters in the Afrin region succeeded in destroying an invading Turkish tank. The PYG stiff resistance to the invading Turkish forces and their lackeys &#8211; the Free Syrian Army &#8211; is becoming more and more remarkable. This Kurdish People’s Protection Units’ success was the biggest so far since the new Turkish incursion in northern Syria started on 28 January 2018. According to the relevant BBC report (Syrian War: Turkey Suffers deadliest day in Afrin offensive, 4 Feb) the Kurdish PYG success in battle caused the death of seven Turkish soldiers &#8211; five of them manning the destroyed tank.</p>
<p>As an independent Cypriot think tank, we cannot help but remind the international community of <em>striking similarities between the ongoing Turkish offensive in Northern Syria and the Turkish invasion of Northern Cyprus in the summer of 1974</em>. Let us examine them one by one.</p>
<p>First, as the Orwellian motto goes: restatement of the obvious is the most important task of intelligent men: Both invasions cause tremendous suffering among civilians, hundreds if not thousands of casualties, thousands of civilians &#8211; Greek in the case of Cyprus 1974, Kurds in the current Syria invasion &#8211; are forced to flee, yet Ankara calls both peace operations! They make a disaster and they call it peace. Turkish troops in Cyprus 1974 committed atrocities: hundreds of Greek civilians were killed in cold blood, women raped and more than one thousand Greek Cypriots are still missing while the Turkish Armed Forces refuse access to their archives to ascertain the missing persons’ fate. To this day, Ankara names the Northern Cyprus Occupation Force a Peace Force. In the same time-honoured fashion, in an apparent attempt to mislead the whole world, Erdogan’s government codenamed his offensive in Northern Syria <em>Operation Olive Branch</em>.</p>
<p>Second, similar if not identical pretexts, are cited by Ankara in her attempt to ‘justify’ the invasion and occupation of foreign territory. Dubious, if not spurious, arguments of self defence and protection of Turkish minorities are being put forward: in the case of Cyprus: protection of the eighteen per cent Turkish Cypriot minority. In the case of Syria, the protection of the comparatively small Turkmen brethren. Let us remind ourselves that following the Cypriot coup of 15 July 1974, the putschist government in Nicosia declared at its first (and last) press conference that the ‘change of government is a purely Greek Cypriot affair’ adding importantly ‘the policy of new government is to seek a comprehensive settlement of the Cyprus problem through the established process of inter-communal political dialogue’. In other words no Turkish Cypriot was hurt by the Greek Cypriot coupists though the latter happily … killed a few hundred of their own kind in the fierce internecine war that engulfed Nicosia and Limassol.</p>
<p>In fact &#8211; this is the third striking similarity of the two expansionist Turkish operations – in 1974 the Turkish Air Force threw leaflets produced in a corrupt form of the Greek language (but still legible) whereby the Greek Cypriot civilian population was informed that the Turkish Armed Forces ‘are arriving to save them from the endless internecine war’. In an identical fashion the Turkish Air Force threw leaflets in Arabic and Kurdish informing the local population of their <em>Olive Branch Operation</em>. What a coincidence!</p>
<p>Last but not least, what is lurking behind all these ‘olive branch’ codenames of Turkish military ‘peace operations’ and all the rest of it?  <em>What other than the notorious security zones</em> as a means of expansion.</p>
<p>After the first Attila operation of 20 July 1974, in accordance with a relevant Security Council ceasefire resolution (22 July) a peace conference was convened between the UK (at the chair) Turkey, Greece in Geneva at the end of July. Turan Gunes, then Turkish Foreign Minister (known for his colourful personality and folksy behaviour) demanded that a security zone of sixteen kilometres be agreed beyond the Turkish invading forces ceasefire line. One could imagine what that meant in the context of the small size of Cyprus. When this and other absurd Turkish demands were rejected Ankara launched operation Attila II.</p>
<p><em>Mutatis mutandis</em>, Erdogan’s demand for a thirty-kilometre security zone along Turkey’s border with Syria is a spitting image of the same Turkish tactic employed in the 1974 invasion of Cyprus. Thus, in the long term, such a <em>broad security zone</em>, if established, will consolidate Ankara’s control on foreign territory, in this case Syria.</p>
<p>The Turkish annexation of Alexandretta (Iskenderun) is another case point: in 1937 France, the colonial power in control of this Syrian territory, naively decides to let the Turks administer the Alexandretta region. The following year it is declared autonomous and in 1939 the world powers recognize Alexandetta’s annexation to Turkey. Consequently, Alexandretta becomes Hatay Province within the Republic of Turkey. Ironically, in 1974 the East Mediterranean port of Alexandretta serves as the hub to launch the invasion in Cyprus!</p>
<p>Is there a lesson learnt for the corridors of power in London, Paris, Washington and Moscow with regard to Turkish grand strategy?</p>
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		<title>The Arab World: From Humiliation, to Dignity, to Respect &#8230;</title>
		<link>https://www.inter-security-forum.org/the-arab-world-from-humiliation-to-dignity-to-respect/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Archive]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Feb 2011 13:31:54 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Middle East & North Africa: MENA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Regional Security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://inter-security-forum.org/?p=218</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Written by Mr. Muin Khoury Egypt, after Tunisia, has been rising from humiliation, is meanwhile reclaiming dignity and demanding respect. In his book, the ‘Geopolitics of Emotion’ &#8211; How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation and Hope Are Reshaping the World &#8211; Dominique Moisi attempts to divide the world into emotional feelings. The foundation of this book [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Written by Mr. Muin Khoury</p>
<p>Egypt, after Tunisia, has been rising from humiliation, is meanwhile reclaiming dignity and demanding respect.</p>
<p>In his book, the ‘Geopolitics of Emotion’ &#8211; How Cultures of Fear, Humiliation and Hope Are Reshaping the World &#8211; Dominique Moisi attempts to divide the world into emotional feelings. The foundation of this book was published originally in essay format in<i> Foreign Affairs</i>, and was called `The Clash of Emotions`, probably in response to `The clash of civilizations` by Samuel Huntington. While Huntington tried to divide the world in separate geographical and cultural entities, Moisi divided the world as undetermined spheres, based on the most dominant emotions of either hope, fear or <i>humiliation</i>. “Roughly speaking, East-Asia and the successful Gulf States represent the feeling of ‘hope’, the West, which includes both Europe and the United States represents the feeling of `fear’  while the Middle-East which still has not recovered from its colonial history and obstinate dictatorships represents the feeling of ‘<i>humiliation’</i>.”</p>
<p>The recent popular upheavals, the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia and what I dubbed the ‘Hibiscus’ or [Karkadee in Arabic ] Revolution in Egypt [a popular tea drink] are not only an expression of liberation from colonial, post-colonial, post-independence state of humiliation, it is a cry for dignity or the ‘karama’ of not only the Tunisian and Egyptian peoples but the Arab peoples.</p>
<p>I started writing this opinion before President Mubarak stepped down, in response to a friend’s question &#8220;what do you think about the role the U.S. has played so far? What should it do in the coming days/weeks/months?&#8230;” and was prompted by a daily column by Taher Al Adwan, Editor-in-Chief of Jordan’s independent daily, Al Arab Al Yawm, as early as Tuesday, Feb 8, 2011 who wrote <i>“Dignity is not only liberty, it is the change of foreign policy, too”.  </i>Taher Al Adwan discusses in length the question of liberty and dignity and foreign policy [specifically the US and Israel]. He was appointed Minister of Information in the new Jordanian cabinet the day after, Feb 9. And I just wonder if such a statement will find its way into the new Government’s policy scripts.</p>
<p>While oppression by one’s own political system commonly leads to submission, fear and loss of confidence and national pride, and consequently loss of dignity, needless to mention poverty, unemployment and deteriorating living conditions, another aspect of grievance, relevant to our discussions here, lies <i>in the area of foreign policy</i> and specifically the relations with the United States (and Israel as a matter of fact).  It is true that this specific aspect of grievance did not surface during either the Jasmine or the Hibiscus revolutions, but once the dust settles down and the ‘local’ pain subsides, the new social forces are going to raise <i>issues of foreign policy</i>…mainly the relations with the United States, Egypt’s Peace Agreement with Israel, the occupation of Palestinian territories, the closure of Gaza crossings, the gas and iron sales to Israel, among other things.  Political parties in their campaigns for the next first free post Mubarak elections in Egypt will need popular platforms, and these will be of emotionally laden political nature.  And what better platforms than foreign policy do these political forces need? In the past, the Muslim Brotherhood thrived on these issues, and in the future, emerging nationalists, leftists, secular and social media forces and communities will bank on them. A colleague told me recently that Palestine as a political issue has been overtaken by issues of bread and butter and corruption. Not really, Palestine is re-emerging again in the rising national consciousness and narrative and a reflection of what people want. Palestine and the relations with the US and Israel are essential components of reclaiming national Arab dignity…This was the topic of discussions in various Arab and foreign media on Feb 13th:</p>
<p>The London Al Hayat, [Ragheda Durgham: “The Obama Administration has become a liability to its friends”]; the Beirut Al Safir [“The Arab revolution: End of an Era and the Beginning of Another”] and BBC Radio Arabic Service: The US- Egypt close military relationship.  Foreign Policy Magazine published also its ‘Revolution in the Arab World” and had many questions posed: ‘Embarrassing Allies – Strongmen the US is too close to; Where do we go from here?;  Everyone Loves/Loved Hosni &#8211; 30 years of photo ops the West would just as soon forget; The new Arab World order – And the future of US diplomacy. Time Magazine and the Economist had similar features.</p>
<p>The dependency on the US by many Arab states is regarded one aspect of that lost dignity and humiliation. The United States stood too often on the wrong side of the street, in terms of the regional company it keeps… on the wrong side of history where legitimate rights of Palestinian and Arabs are concerned, at least from an Arab perspective…and by ignoring issues of vital reform in ‘friendly’ societies as well as the use of foreign aid contributed to the deepening of that sense of political, military and otherwise dependency. Consequently it aggravated that feeling of humiliation by the Arab street.  In a picturesque Arabic, Taher Al Adwan wrote that the reasons and motives for popular ‘intifadas’ are the feeling of humiliation by the Arabs under regimes that ‘delivered the necks of its people’ to America and Israel.</p>
<p>And as long as this Facebook –Tweeting generation can remember, foreign aid, military in particular, has been used to perpetuate the status quo rather than aid <i>real</i> democratic evolvement.  Since the cold war era, security and stability trumped liberty. What Arabs perceived as freedom movements, the US, the West, and Arabs’ own regimes, shunned them as threats to that status quo whether leftist, nationalist, pan-Arabist or secular during the fifties, sixties and seventies or Islamist since the eighties.</p>
<p>There was also the denial that an ‘Arab street’ mattered or even existed. Western pundits never took the ‘Arab street’ for serious. In total insensitivity to the ‘Arab street’ &#8211; the actual addressees of George W. Bush’s ‘forward strategy for freedom’ &#8211; the US former president never made a secret that such a strategy was inspired by the book of an Israeli , Natan Sharansky, The Case For Democracy. The famous ‘forward strategy for freedom’ was a non-starter.  Arabs very soon discovered that the main objective was to fight terrorism rather than promote the noble declared objective of ‘freedom’. The US all along snubbed the Arab street as irrelevant, and the latest Jasmine and Hibiscus revolutions were proof to that.</p>
<p>Reluctantly, the US tried, too vague and too late alas, and with difficulty, to correct its posture and stand ‘by’ the Arab street…on the right side of the street. Eventually, the US had to drop yet another useful ally. The US seemed to be torn between a ‘meaningful and peaceful transition of power’ in Egypt and the demands of the Egyptian people.</p>
<p>The cry for reclaiming dignity of the Arab peoples can only mean the demand for respect. The West and the US in particular have to learn to deal with the Arab peoples with the same level of respect they deal with their own peoples. One can’t preach respect which is the very essence of ‘diversity, pluralism and universal values’ if one stands on the wrong side of the street.</p>
<p>President Obama got it eventually right when he backed people power, while making clear that the future is for Egyptians to decide. We don’t know if that represents a new start for American policy toward the Arab world. The initial signals don’t.</p>
<p>References</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p dir="rtl">ليست الحرية فقط إنما الكرامة بتغيير السياسة الخارجية</p>
<p><a href="http://www.alarabalyawm.net/pages.php?articles_id=14629">http://www.alarabalyawm.net/pages.php?articles_id=14629</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Al Hayat Daily, the headline read: Obama’s Administration had become a liability to its friends. Feb 13</p>
<p><a href="http://international.daralhayat.com/internationalarticle/233091">http://international.daralhayat.com/internationalarticle/233091</a></p>
<p>Khaled Al Muzaini wrote Feb 13 in the Lebanese Al Safir Daily: The Arab Revolution, The End of an Era and The beginning of a New One, exclusively  focused on foreign policy issues, relationship to Israel and the West.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=1183&amp;EditionId=1770&amp;ChannelId=41563">http://www.assafir.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=1183&amp;EditionId=1770&amp;ChannelId=41563</a></p>
<p>The BBC Radio discussed this morning, Feb 13, the US- Egypt close military relationship, and how the US might have possibly influenced the military in Egypt to act as it did and warned of future ramifications.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Nicholas D. Kristoff asked in the NYT Feb 12: What Egypt can teach America.</p>
<p>“It’s a new day in the Arab world — and, let’s hope, in American relations to the Arab world.”</p>
<p><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/opinion/13kristof.html?src=twrhp">http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/opinion/13kristof.html?src=twrhp</a></p>
<p>How the U.S. Can Back Mideast Reform?</p>
<p>Marwan Muasher</p>
<p><a href="http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&amp;id=42564">http://carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&amp;id=42564</a></p>
<p><b>*Mr. Muin Khouri is pollster and analyst based in Amman, Jordan. He holds an M.A. in Political Science and Languages from University of Heidelberg, Germany. He wrote his thesis on &#8220;US Middle East Foreign Policy under John Foster Dulles: 1952-58.&#8221; He</b><b> </b><b>worked in advertising, communications, public affairs and political and social marketing. </b><b>  </b></p>
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<p>Comments <a href="http://www.inter-security-forum.org/index.php?option=com_jomcomment&amp;task=rss&amp;contentid=138&amp;opt=com_content"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 1.5em;"> </span></a></p>
<p><strong>Secrurity analyst</strong><br />
<strong> written by Frederic Labarre, February 18, 2011 </strong></p>
<p>Certainly valid points were made in this essay, especially on the power of &#8220;humiliation&#8221; as driver of reform and basis for demands on change. However, there is also the very real possibility that, as political reforms trigger the toppling of decades-long regimes, the political vacuum left may be exploited by religious radicals. After all, radicalism can be understood as the response to humiliation by groups or constituents deprived of a voice. This fits the quality of pro-democracy (and secular) reformers as much as religious radicals who were also quelled under authoritarian regimes such as Mubarak&#8217;s. One way of interpreting the United States&#8217; silence is simply as whole-hearted consent. In truth, this is what they wanted all along, from a norms and values (not interest) standpoint. After all, this revolution may indeed end up changing Iran and Afghanistan. If it does, the United States may no longer need to base its policies in the Middle East on interest, and will be able to base it on values.</p>
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<p><strong>Mr.</strong><br />
<strong> written by B. Peterson, February 21, 2011 </strong></p>
<p>It is difficult to disagree on the humiliation that the lack of progress of the Palestinian plight is bringing to the Islamic world especially after the intransigence of the current Israeli government. What I have difficulty accepting however that this is the predominant reason which brought the people to the streets.</p>
<p>If the previous (and current) governments of these Arabic speaking countries mastered enough political muscle and brought about an acceptable solution for the future of the Palestinian people, would have they been safe from such a peoples revolution? Of course not!</p>
<p>In my opinion, the fire was mainly fuelled by the demographics. These countries have seen a large population explosion and according to some estimates, more than sixty per cent of the population is under the age of thirty. Although the governments of the region managed to give their youth access to education, this was done at the cost of quality and they now have a large poorly educated workforce with little prospects for creating a decent future for themselves.</p>
<p>The governments of the US and Europe have of course to take a share of the blame. Firstly for accommodating these oppressive regimes who used the bogey man of the Moslem Brothers their excuse for survival, and secondly, for restricting these countries from accessing the European markets. Ms Catherine Ashton went to the media promising on behalf of the European Union more aid. Is this how the new government will create the jobs or will it be done by improved access to the European markets?</p>
<p>These demonstrations may bring to the people more democratic governments. Perhaps, on one end of the spectrum countries like Tunisia with a decent civil service and a well-educated workforce will make the most out of these changes. And on the other end, Egypt, with a population of eighty seven million people will have a much longer and more difficult road towards economic recovery be a problem and will keep Europe busy for the next decades.</p>
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