Θα ήθελα να σταθώ στο τελευταίο σημείο. Μια σχετικά πρόσφατη σημαντική εξέλιξη στις διμερείς σχέσεις Μεγάλης Βρετανίας και Μαυρικίου άπτεται και της περίπτωσης των διμερών σχέσεων Μεγάλης Βρετανίας και Κύπρου νοουμένου ότι η πρώτη κατέχει τρία τα εκατό του εδάφους της νήσου υπό το καθεστώς «Κυριάρχων Περιοχών Βάσεων» αλλά και σειρά άλλων περιοχών διακατοχής εντός της επικράτειας της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας – σημαντικότερη εκ των οποίων είναι η περίκλειστη με συρματόπλεγμα κορυφή του Ολύμπου προστατεύουσα πανίσχυρα Βρετανικά συστήματα παρακολούθησης τηλεπικοινωνίων με εμβέλεια μέχρι τα Ουράλια όρη. Η σημαντική αυτή εξέλιξη αφορά στην Μεταβίβαση Κυριαρχίας των Νήσων του Αρχιπελάγους Τσάγος από το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο στο κράτος του Μαυρικίου. Το κοινό ανακοινωθέν της διμερούς πολιτικής συμφωνίας εκδώθηκε στις 3 Οκτωβρίου 2024.

Μετά από έντεκα γύρους διμερών συνομιλιών εντός δύο ετών διαπραγματεύσεων και αφού προηγήθηκε προσφυγή του Μαυρικίου στο Διεθνές Δικαστήριο της Χάγης, το Λονδίνο αναγκάστηκε σε συμβιβασμό: παραχώρησε κυριαρχία του Συμπλέγματος των Νήσων Τσάγος με αντάλλαγμα την μακροχρόνια μίσθωση, για 99 έτη, της βάσης Ντιέγκο Γκαρσία (Diego Garcia). Η σύμβαση μίσθωσης προβλέπει δικαίωμα ανανέωσης της. Οι σχετικές διαπραγματεύσεις άρχισαν το Νοέμβριο του 2022 και κατέληξαν σε αίσιο τέλος με την συμφωνία αποχώρησης των Βρετανών στα μέσα του παρελθόντος έτους.

Το κείμενο της τελικής συμφωνίας υπεγράφη μεταξύ του Βρετανού πρωθυπουργού Keir Starmer και του πρωθυπουργού του Μαυρικίου Navin Ramgoolam στις 22 Μαϊου του 2025. Δημοσιεύματα του Βρετανικού Τύπου αναφέρουν ότι η μίσθωση κοστίζει στο Λονδίνο 101 εκατομμύρια στερλίνες (117 εκ. Ευρώ) ετησίως.

Κακά τα ψέματα, τόσο η αεροπορική βάση Ντιέγκο Γκαρσία όσο και η αεροπορική βάση Ακρωτηρίου χρησιμοποιούνται από κοινού από τους Αγγλοαμερικανούς ως ορμητήρια στην επίθεση κατά του Ιρανικού καθεστώτος. Ο Μαυρίκιος, ένα αδύναμο κράτος στη μέση του πουθενά λαμβάνει ήδη 117 εκ ευρώ ετησίως. Τι αποκομίζει η Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, πλήρες κράτος μέλος και προεδρεύουσα της ΕΕ από αυτό τον επικίνδυνο Αγγλοαμερικανικό τυχοδιωκτισμό; Δεν είδαμε άλλο όφελος εκτός από την διασπορά ανησυχίας και πανικού στους κατοίκους Ακρωτηρίου και των γειτονικών κοινοτήτων. Κανένα αντισταθμιστικό όφελος για τον Κυπριακό Λαό.

Συμπεράσματα

Πρώτον, η πρόσφατη συμφωνία ΗΒ-Μαυρικίου για επανένταξη του Αρχιπελάγους Τσάγος (Νότιος Ινδικός Ωκεανός, ανατολικά των Σεϋχελλών) στο κράτος του Μαυρικίου καταδεικνύει ότι οι δεκατέσσερεις Βρετανικές Υπερπόντιες Κτήσεις (ΒΥΚΤΗ), μία εκ των οποίων είναι οι Βρετανικές Βάσεις Κύπρου, τελούν υπό καθεστώς διεθνούς αμφισβήτησης της κυριαρχίας τους. Το κεφάλαιο της πλήρους αποαποικιοποίησης των Βρετανικών Υπερπόντιων Κτήσεων παραμένει ανοικτό. Είναι διαπραγματεύσιμο.

Οι ΒΥΚΤΗ είναι κατάλοιπα της Αποικιοκρατικής Βρετανικής Αυτοκρατορίας. (Mέχρι το 1981 τα εδάφη αυτά ήταν γνωστά ως Αποικίες του Στέμματος. Αποικία του Βρετανικού Στέμματος είχε ανακηρυχθεί και η Κύπρος το 1925). Σήμερα, οι ΒΥΚΤΗ έχουν κατά προσέγγιση έκταση 1.727.570 τ.χλμ. Καλύπτουν δηλαδή περισσότερο από επταπλάσια έκταση αυτής του Ηνωμένου Βασιλείου (Βρετανίας και Βόρειας Ιρλανδίας) η οποία είναι 244,000 τ.χλμ. Μεγαλύτερη εξ αυτών, η Ανταρκτική.

Δεύτερον, η πολιτική της ΚΔ απέναντι στο κεφαλαιώδες ζήτημα της ατελούς αποαποικιοποίησης το οποίο μας αφορά άμεσα, μόνο σπασμωδική, αποσπασματική και ως εκ τούτου άτσαλη και αδύναμη μπορεί να χαρακτηριστεί.

Επτά χρόνια πέρασαν από την απόφαση ορόσημο του Διεθνούς Δικαστηρίου της Χάγης. Στις 25 Φεβρουαρίου 2019, η Χάγη γνωμοδότησε απεριφράστως ότι κατά τον χρόνο της αποσύνδεσής του από τον Μαυρίκιο (1968),  το αρχιπέλαγος Τσάγος ήταν σαφώς αναπόσπαστο μέρος αυτής της μη αυτοδιοικούμενης περιοχής και ότι η αποκοπή δεν βασιζόταν στην ελεύθερη και γνήσια έκφραση της βούλησης του ενδιαφερόμενου λαού. Η Λευκωσία έστειλε στην Χάγη τον τότε Γενικό Εισαγγελέα ο οποίος έλαβε μέρος στην ακροαματική διαδικασία (3-6 Σεπτεμβρίου 2018). Φυσικά πήρε το μέρος του Μαυρικίου.

Από τότε η Κυπριακή κυβέρνηση ουδέν έπραξε για να εξασφαλίσει το συμφέρον αυτού του λαού που κατοικά σ’αυτή τη γη, καθ’ ην στιγμήν η ίδια η Βρετανία κάμπτεται και πληρώνει τους Μαυρίκιους αλλά όχι τους Κυπρίους …

On February 28, the United States and Israel launched military strikes on Iran because of the parties’ fears that Iran possesses nuclear weapons that would threaten America’s allies and US national security. Article 2 (4) of the UN Charter prohibits the threat or use of force against other states. Such actions contradict the principle of respect for the sovereignty of states and non-interference in their
internal affairs. Clearly, the UN Charter disallows aggression.

This article highlights the effectiveness of China’s diplomatic efforts to de-escalate in order to preserve regional peace and
security. In this context, it is necessary to examine the effectiveness of achieving the goals of this diplomacy, which is a set of initiatives aimed at achieving sustainable peace and development for all without exception on the basis of living and common destiny. It is effectively linked to compliance with international law, the UN Charter and resolutions of international legitimacy within the framework of consensus.

The success of China’s diplomatic efforts and objectives in the Middle East region depends on the extent to which the regional actors cooperate with those efforts. In this context, the commitment to the effectiveness and governance of the international system in accordance with international law and the UN Charter is the compass of this dialogue.

In particular, the objectives of Chinese diplomacy are clearly defined and the directions are closely and firmly linked to what is stated by the law and international consensus, it emphasizes the need for dialogue and consultation to resolve any dispute by peaceful means; the rejection of the use of force in order to enhance influence, control or support allies at the expense of other parties.

On the other hand, the absence of a diplomatic solution and the failure of the current Chinese
diplomatic efforts to de-escalate the situation will be a prelude to the collapse of the entire international
system. In such a case, the Law of the Jungle will prevail, and then the region will witness more wars and conflicts that portend a total war whose end would be unpredictable.

The reason for this is that America and Israel are seeking to form allies in more than one place in order to provide support in various ways. If this happens, the future scenarios for the effectiveness of international relations will be ambiguous, then the prospects and
the future role of the UN Security Council as mandated by the UN Charter to protect the sovereignty of states, the security of citizens and their national gains will end up in sustainable deficit.

In this context, I firmly believe that the US, Israel and their Western allies have become firmly convinced of the need to build alliances, reshaping the region in line with their interests. For them this is an opportunity to reshape the international system in accordance with theirwishes, and to evade international legal obligations regarding the resolution of outstanding issues regionally and internationally, foremost of which is the resolution of the Palestinian issue.

Therefore, today’s situation requires active and balanced States. The Middle East region needs to cooperate seriously and responsibly with the efforts of Chinese diplomacy in order to achieve its goals, Namely, to stop the war and protect the security and sovereignty of states and the lives of citizens and their national gains, far from any bets on the American or Israeli side and their Western allies. Especially as the latter aim at more destruction in this region and the failure of sustainable development plans, and the aggravation of internal conflicts in order to hit the sovereignty and security of states, and also to control citizens, plunder their goods and destroy their national gains, thereby achieving their central goals by further embodying colonialism and strengthening control and influence in the expansion of one state at the expense of other peoples and states.

China alone cannot offer a magic solution to address the current Middle East destruction and bloodshed. China’s diplomacy stems from a culture of tolerance and coexistence and rejection of aggression or interference in the affairs of others. It is aimed at cooperation to
reach common good. Beijing offers initiatives and ideas that fit into the international system and the spirit of the UN Charter, based on equal rights for all member states.

The success of well-meaning Chinese endeavors means good and victory for all, stopping wars, protecting people’s lives and property, respecting the sovereignty and security of states, and achieving sustainable peace and development for all without exception on the basis of mutual respect.

Το ημερολόγιο έδειχνε Πέντε του Δεκέμβρη, το έτος 2024, εσπερινός του Αγίου Νικολάου στον ομώνυμο ναό στον Λυκαβηττό. Πώς περνά ο καιρός, πάει ένας ολόκληρος χρόνος … Συνάμα με τες ευχές μου για την ονομαστική του εορτή ενεχειρώ  στο Νίκο της διαρκούσης Προεδρίας ένα προσωπικό εμπιστευτικό υπόμνημα. Περί εξωτερικής πολιτικής. Αναφέρομαι σε ανέξοδους τρόπους ενίσχυσης του διεθνούς κύρους της κολοβής μας δημοκρατίας κτίζοντας σε διεθνείς πρωτοβουλίες της ανένταχτης – κομματικώς ομιλούντες – ταπεινότητας μου. Ένα κράτος κολοβό, όχι μόνο λόγω Τουρκικής κατοχής στον βορρά και Βρετανικής επικυριαρχίας στο νότο αλλά επιπροσθέτως από την αβελτηρία των ταγών αυτής. Ο Νίκος μού χαμογελά και ευχαριστεί.

Μια κουτσουλιά τόπος είμαστε. Πέντε μέρες αργότερα τον συναντώ εκ νέου στην διχοτομημένη πρωτεύουσα. Εκδήλωση διεθνούς κοινωνικού χαρακτήρα. Έχοντας γνώση της προτίμησης του στην αμεσότητα του ενικού και της πολύχρονης μας, αν και άκαρπης γνωριμίας – σίγουρα όχι λόγω δικής μου υπαιτιότητάς – χαιρετώ, ερωτώντας τον: «Νίκο τι θα πράξεις; Τα όσα σού προτείνω είναι προς δικό σου συμφέρον και του διεθνούς μας κύρους πάνω από όλα». Με ύφος απόλυτης σιγουριάς και εμπιστοσύνης μού απαντά κοφτά:

«Είπα του Κόμπου να σε δει…»

Επιτρέψτε μου να συνεχίσω την αφήγηση σε ύφος λαϊκό, κατ’ εικόνα και ομοίωση του Προεδρικού ύφους. Ο Κόμπος με … γκαστρώνει για ένα … εννιάμηνο. Η κύηση οδηγεί τελικά την συνάντηση μας στις 19 του Αυγούστου στο Υπουργείο. Παρατώ την επιστημοσύνη και την συγγραφή στη Βρετανική Βιβλιοθήκη (Λονδίνο, εννοείται) για χάρη της. Καταφθάνω στον ατημέλητο κήπο του κτιρίου του Υπουργείου. Ανεβαίνω με βάση το πρωτόκολλο στο γραφείο Υπουργού με συνοδεία νεαρού διπλωμάτη.

Το αποτέλεσμα της πολυπόθητης συνάντησης; Σκέτο … ανεμογκάστρι!

Πέραν της γλαφυρότητας και της χαριτολογημένης αφήγησης, η ουσία είναι πραγματικά δύσπεπτη. Ο Κόμπος φτάνει στο χτένι. Δεν θα ήταν δυνατό να κρατώ μέσα μου αυτόν τον Κόμπο … για χρόνια. Για να έχω ήσυχη την συνείδηση μου απέναντι στους ενενηντάχρονους γονείς, που με ανάθρεψαν με ιδανικά και αξίες, με σεβασμό στην πολυετή πορεία μου στα διεθνή ιδρύματα, κρίνω ότι οφείλω να εκθέσω σοβαρότατα ατοπήματα στην άσκηση εξωτερικής πολιτικής. Εξηγούμαι:

Βιέννη, Δεκέμβρης 2024. Οργανισμός για την Ασφάλεια και Συνεργασία στην Ευρώπη – ΟΑΣΕ.  Σύνοδος ΥΠΕΞ των συμμετεχόντων κρατών. Θέμα: Εκλογή νέου Γενικού Γραμματέα του Οργανισμού. Βαρύτατη η ευθύνη του Κωνσταντίνου Κόμπου: συναίνεσε αμαχητί στην εκλογή του Τούρκου βετεράνου διπλωμάτη Σινιρλίογλου στην κορυφή της ηγετικής πυραμίδας του μοναδικού πολυμερούς Ευρασιατικού Οργανισμού Ασφάλειας. Είναι η πρώτη φορά που εκλέγεται Τούρκος στην ηγεσία ΟΑΣΕ για τριετή θητεία. Με την σύμφωνο γνώμη του Κόμπου. Ο καθένας μπορεί να ανατρέξει στο διαδίκτυο και να μάθει ποιος είναι ο Feridun Sinirlioglu …

Χωρίς κανένα απολύτως αντάλλαγμα! Εκλογή του Τούρκου Εν Λευκώ!

Σε μια απέλπιδα προσπάθεια μου να λύσω τον επί χρόνια Άλυτο … Κόμπο υπέδειξα ότι είμαι εγκεκριμένος διαμεσολαβητής ΟΑΣΕ εδώ και μια δεκαετία, αποφοιτήσας της Διπλωματικής του Ακαδημίας προ εικοσαετίας (2003). Μολαταύτα ουδέποτε κλήθηκα σε αποστολή του Οργανισμού. Το γεγονός αυτό και μόνο οφείλεται στην ανεπάρκεια και αναποτελεσματικότητα του Υπουργείου των Εξω … φρενικών. Πού είναι το Γραφείο Προώθησης των Κυπρίων Ειδημόνων για Πρόσληψη στους Διεθνείς Οργανισμούς; Άλυτος Κόμπος! Πόσο μακριά θα φτάσεις με τους έξι άξονες της εξωτερικής πολιτικής; Και δεκάξι να ΄χεις αν δεν έχεις τους ανθρώπους σου στους διεθνείς οργανισμούς, πως θα ασκήσεις επιρροή; Εκατό τριάντα δύο εκατομμύρια ευρώ σού εγκρίνει η Βουλή για το Υπουργείο ετησίως, δεν μπορείς να διαθέσεις δύο, να παλέψεις τον διορισμό Κυπρίων προσοντούχων;

Αλλά είπαμε, χρόνια τώρα, συσκέψεις και συναντήσεις και ανεμογκάστρι! Υπέβαλα στο νεαρότερο Κωνσταντίνο Κόμπο ότι όφειλε στα πλαίσια της υπηρεσίας του προς αυτό το ημι-κατεχόμενο από την Τουρκία κράτος, να εξαργυρώσει τουλάχιστον την συναίνεση του στην εκλογή Σινιρλίογλου, με απτό αντάλλαγμα: την τοποθέτηση μου σε σημαίνουσα – τη βάσει προσόντων και αποφοίτησης της Διπλωματικής Ακαδημίας Βιέννης – θέση στη Γραμματεία ΟΑΣΕ, σφήνα στον Τούρκο διπλωμάτη. Εφόσον η συναίνεση του ήτο μονόδρομος, όπως διατεινόταν. Αυτό επέβαλλε η εξυπηρέτηση των Κυπριακών συμφερόντων. Αντ’ αυτού επέλεξε το μηδενικό για την Κύπρο αποτέλεσμα αφού η Άγκυρα μπλόκαρε την υποψηφιότητα του για την προεδρία του 2026 … Εύγε Άλυτε Κόμπε!

Είκοσι δύο χρόνια στην  αίθουσα αναμονής για μια θέση στον ΟΑΣΕ, κτίζω διεθνείς διασυνδέσεις για την Κύπρο μας  με έξοδα από την τσέπη μου. Σε διηπειρωτικές διαδρομές που με βρίσκουν από το Τόκιο μέχρι το Μπουένος Άιρες. Σε πέραν των εξήντα χωρών …

Ουδέν έπραξεν ο Κόμπος! Θέτοντας το σε πρώην υπουργό, μού  υπέδειξε με νόημα: Ουδείς πράττει ουδέν!

The 2025 EU Non-Proliferation & Disarmament Conference was organised by the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) of Rome. Remarkably, this year, the IAI celebrates its 60^th anniversary of existence. The Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), an important think tank in Italy focused on international affairs, receives funding primarily from the Italian government through various budgetary allocations. As of 2025, its annual funding from the Italian state is approximately €4.2 million.

In sharp contrast, the International Security Forum Cyprus has, in the seventeen years of its operation, received zero funding from the Cypriot government. Nevertheless, ISF raises the security and foreign policy-oriented research flag of the Republic of Cyprus where there is no presence otherwise.

The Brussels EU Disarmament Conference is the annual flagship event that brings together experts from governments, international organizations and research institutions worldwide to discuss all aspects of the EU’s non-proliferation and disarmament agenda. Invariably, this agenda, includes arms control, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons, space security and emerging technologies. Over two days, participants engaged in open and substantive discussions aimed at advancing global non-proliferation and disarmament objectives. The Conference also seeks to support the implementation of the EU Strategic Compass. It formulates policy recommendations to strengthen the EU’s role in these fields.

As these lines are drawn the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China sits in its fourth plenary session (20-23 October 2025). Beijing’s brand of diplomacy has made extensive achievements in the process of reform and opening up despite the tangled and complex domestic and international situations.

It has earnestly sought to achieve progress through stability, promote reform through openness, and raise the capacity of openness to expand international cooperation. China’s diplomacy also pursues an unparalleled “firm and resolute” independent peaceful policy, and pushes to build a community of common destiny based on respect and application of common values. Therefore, Chinese diplomacy has put forward the four global initiatives namely development, security, civilization, and governance with the aim of achieving international multilateralism on the basis of fairness and justice and respect for the rights and sovereignty of all countries to achieve peace and sustainable development.

Hence, it is necessary to pay attention to reform and openness by uniting efforts, mobilizing forces, achieving progress in all seriousness and vitality, and then completing the construction of a modern and strong system.

The Importance of Success of Chinese diplomacy

Beijing put forward a set of initiatives and ideas that are in harmony with the spirit and aspirations of international law to resolve most international issues. The importance of this lies in the reconsideration of the current international system to work on a sound and just basis, doing away from strengthening the control of one or some parties over the international decision-making process in order to achieve special interests, or reduce respect for the sovereignty and rights of states or interfere in their internal affairs of others. For China every state is equal under the international law in rights and duties.

Chinese diplomacy has come through with a series of initiatives towards the most outstanding international issues. These initiatives offer actual solutions in line with local and international aspirations and laws. Beijing did not impose solutions in order to build alliances against any party, nor did it seek to compliment one party at the expense of the rights of others. China’s aim has been of one of re-activating international institutions to resolve fundamental issues. The absence of multilateralism in international governance means the formation of groups and alliances in order to strengthen control away from the Rule of Law, Justice and international consensus.

Therefore, the importance of supporting the success of the goals and principles of Chinese diplomacy is a collective responsibility that everyone bears by cooperating with China to solve vital international issues, especially since the success of the goals of that diplomacy concerns not only the Chinese, but also others with the goal of achieving sustainable peace and development. The world is going through complex challenges and circumstances, and this requires strengthening cooperation and joint action from all parties in order to achieve collective and common benefit in maintaining international peace and security, as well as sustaining the effectiveness of the two international covenants on human rights in 1976, the International Covenant on civil and political rights and the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights.

2013: Landmark Year: Belt and Road is Launched

In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping launched the Belt and Road Initiative, which the Chinese leadership considers a successful attempt to strengthen regional and international communication to embrace a more stable, open and prosperous future on the basis of equality among all without exception, based on mutual respect and benefit. Between 2021-2025, Chinese President Xi Jinping also launched the Four Global Initiatives for:

1.Development 2. Security 3. Civilization 4. Governance  

in order to collectively confirm that all of humanity has a historic opportunity to promote unity, sustainable cooperation, human solidarity, and civilized exchanges.

Accordingly, Chinese diplomacy is seeking to support and strengthen the work of the United Nations to be more effective to solve various international core issues. Multilateralism is at the core of Beijing’s foreign and security policy.

Effectiveness of Chinese diplomacy in the international system

The United Nations Organization was founded in 1945 after the Second World War. The Charter of the United Nations specified that the purpose of its establishment is to protect international peace and security, and the development of international relations between states on the basis of mutual respect for all regardless of the size, wealth and power of each state, as well as respect for the principle of equal rights. In this context, Chinese diplomacy aims to strengthen the role and status of the international system by emphasizing the international consensus. In Beijing’s frame of mind domination by any strong member state must be ruled out.

The Middle East region has been living in a state of instability as a result of the continued absence of a solution to the Palestinian issue, eroding international peace and security.

The root cause of the ME instability is the disregard of influential countries to abide by international law. Chinese diplomacy seeks through effective cooperation with the countries of the region to promote Arab and regional unity and solidarity in order to arrive at inclusive stability and prosperity.

The Global Governance Initiative, recently launched by President Xi Jinping, coinciding with the anniversary of Victory Day in September 2025, emphasizes the importance of the governance of the international system to be more powerful and effective in solving all international issues. Salient among these is the governance of the Middle East through the resolution of its outstanding issues.

Primary task is to address the Palestinian issue on the basis of justice, equity and the rule of international law. This is the only way to achieve security therefore peace, stability and prosperity.

The Workshop of Young Researchers on Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy was held at the Songjiang campus of SISU on 30 September 2025. The conference was organised by the School of International Relations and Public Affairs (SIRPA) of SISU and the Study Center on Diplomacy of the Shanghai Universities.

Professor Yang Jiemian, former president of the Shanghai Association of International Relations and Chairman of the Academic Advisory Committee of the Shanghai Institutes of International Studies, delivered a keynote address entitled My vision of the Systematic Construction and Academic Interpretation of Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Thought.

The workshop was attended by young SIRPA graduates, as well as current graduate students keenly interested in mainstream theoretical research. Participating graduate students came from no less than eight country wide institutions as follows:

Shanghai Jiao Tong University

East China Normal University

Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences

Shanghai Institute of International Studies

Jiangsu University

Jiaxing University

Tongling University

Gansu University of Political Science and Law.

The workshop was chaired by Professor Guo Shu Yong, Party General-Secretary of SIPRA at SISU, and the leading expert of the Xi Jinping Thought Institute of Diplomacy. Professor Chang Can from the Department of research results and platform management of the Research Office at SISU, and Professor Liang Kun, Director of the Institute’s Office, also shared their practical experiences.

In his closing speech, Professor Guo praised the brilliant speeches delivered by the graduates, noting that the Chinese Communist Party committee of SISU, the university leadership, and its bodies attach great importance to academic research of Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Thought, the practice of the “three progressions”.

Co-Authors: Dr. Morris Mottale & Dr. Yiorghos Leventis

At the end of the Cold War, in Washington and Western Europe there was a consensus that a new world order was coming around. Overlooked was the fact that an Islamic revolution in Iran led by an octogenarian Ayatollah brought a series of upheavals in the Islamic world that saw radical terrorism, revolutions in Africa, and civil wars that continue to this day. These events were capped years later by conflicts in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, North Africa, and Sub Saharan Africa and eventually a radical Islamic takeover in Afghanistan. In short, the end of the Cold War brought an endless list of conflicts of which the two outstanding ones are the war in Ukraine and the war within the Gaza Strip. There are at least fifty other wars in Africa and Asia but they do not make the news, including conflicts in Somalia, Central Africa Republic, Ethiopia, Sudan, Southern Sudan, and The Republic of Congo among many others.

The preeminence of international news networks such as CNN and the BBC along with social media brings the focus solely on the Arab-Israeli conflict and American politics. By the year 2000, there was a consensus that the new International System would see antagonism between China and the United States. By 2025, Chinese commercial trade preeminence was challenging the European Union and the North American free trade area. From 2000 onward, the Chinese set out to create a new economic block known as BRICS which is composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, and by 2025 they included Egypt, Ethiopia, the UAE, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. The direct challenge to the US in many areas of the International System began with the challenge that Radical Islam, shaped and manipulated by the Ayatollah, posed against the US, France, and Great Britain. The outstanding tool for Islamic expansion was the Arab-Israeli conflict and more specifically the Palestinian issue. Within a few years of the establishment of what appeared to be peace treaties between Israel and some of its neighbors (Abraham Accords), the Islamic world and the Global South saw antagonism to the existence of the Jewish state, with regional conflicts in which conflicting parties took sides in the Arab-Israeli conflict. Interestingly, the same parties, with some exceptions including India, are also members of BRICS.

The preeminence of the United States – however much challenged by China, Russia, and Iran – did not decrease the importance of the United States presidential elections of 2024. For the world, the US election was bound to be a defining moment in international politics, regardless of the outcome. The outstanding elements in the International System are the resentment and imitation of American cultural trends, including US mass media. What passes for American soft power is affirmative action and the woke ideology. The US stands out as an agent of cultural change. The anti-women movement in Islamic society has been influenced by the globalization of American culture and the preeminent role of women in American and European society. Misogyny has become a political ideology in the Islamic world. The competition between the major powers is compounded by the rise of new technologies, shaped by electronic communication, artificial intelligence, and cyber technology.

In 2013, China proposed changes to global currency to bypass, if not outright abolish the US Dollar. The original BRIC group was dubbed very loosely the “BRICS,” including Brazil, China, Russia, India, and South Africa. In time, other countries also joined. Venezuela and Turkey are seeking entry to the trade group, which has gained momentum.

The official members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization are primarily Asian, Arabic and nations within the former Soviet Union, but growing interest across the Middle East and South America is notable. In 2004, the SCO officially established relations with the United Nations as an observer, in addition to other international bodies.

Two principle international conflicts, the Gaza War and Ukraine, along with conflicts in Africa and Asia have sped up the process of this new world order, where the Anglo-American ideal of a rule-based system is being challenged on the grounds that it is fundamentally pro-American, pro-Liberal, and pro-Capitalist. The rise of conflicts within the Islamic world and the widespread anti-Israeli, anti-Jewish and anti-Semitic positions of many countries from Latin America to Asia to Africa are adding another dimension to this new world order yet to come.

Rise of Islamic Politics in the West

The rise of Islamic politics in France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Canada the United States and the United Kingdom has influenced domestic electoral politics. In Europe, for example, the rise of the so-called extremist parties like AfD (Alternative for Germany) or the Rassemblement National in France have given new weight to the idea that liberal democratic order, which has characterized the development of Western Europe and America in the post-war period, is not accepted by large portions of the population. Similar trends are evident across Europe, with the rise of Vox from Spain, 5 Stelle in Italy, and BNP in the United Kingdom.

Speaking of the latter, let’s take a closer statistical look at the upsurge of Islamic politics in the UK. There is an array of hard political facts: Muslims count for four million in a total population of 66 million in the UK. Yet they elect Muslim mayors in no less than nine major urban centres in the country, including the mayor of the capital, London, of the second largest city Birmingham and of the world-renowned liberal university city of Oxford. The other six Muslim-led municipalities are: Blackburn, Leeds, Luton, Oldham, Rochdale, Sheffield. There are now 3,000 mosques, (one mosque per 80 square kilometres roughly) 130 Sharia Courts and 50 Sharia councils in the UK. Seventy-eight per cent of Muslim women do not work and receive state support, 63 per cent of British Muslims are out of work and receive state support. UK Muslim families on the receiving end of state support and free accommodation have on average six to eight children. Every school in good old Christian England is required to teach about Islam. Under such circumstances, guess which is the most common name given to British boys nowadays. You guessed right: it is Mohammed!

Greece: Demographic Collapse

At the other end of the Old Continent, Greece, an ancient nation reborn in 1830, lying at the southeastern fringes of the European Union, has been in deep trouble for the past two decades. Endemic corruption and leadership incompetence brought up mounting external foreign debt. Greece’s government debt hovers around 160 per cent of the GDP. The country’s economic woes are compounded by the hordes of irregular migrants. Periodically, vulnerable segments of Hellas’ 15,000 kilometres long coastline get awash with hundreds of mainly sub-Saharan and Middle Eastern unsolicited destitute visitors. The Hellenic Republic currently hosts a large number of immigrants accounting for over a million or approximately ten per cent of the total population, a considerable proportion of whom are Muslim. Pew Research and other international reports estimate there are 520,000 additional Muslims in Greece who are refugees, regular or irregular migrants, or asylum‑seekers. This number is in addition to the indigenous recognized Muslim minority in Western Thrace numbering around 140,000 people. Sharia law applies for this minority, which enjoys a special status in terms of religious and cultural rights, in derogation to the Hellenic Civil Law, in compliance with the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923 governing its status.

Greece’s Muslim immigrants are in the most part Albanians (over 0.4 million) who are not particularly devout Muslims given their socialization for over 50 years in a totalitarian communist regime banning religion. In fact, a number of them, in their everyday life, adopt Greek names – either ancient or modern.

However, what should be underlined, is that the rise in the incoming Muslim population in the Hellenic Republic comes on the sharp backdrop of the flight of an impoverished indigenous Greek Orthodox population. Young Greeks are forced to become economic migrants themselves in the more affluent countries of the northern tier of the EU, the UK, the US and Canada. A rough total figure of migrant Greeks for the first quarter of the 21st century is estimated to be around 1.3 to 1.5 million! This is definitely a generation lost for the country. Brain drainage ad nauseum.

To make things worse, Greek birth rates are falling rapidly. Though a small nation, or perhaps because of this, the sharp demographic decline of Greece, has not escaped the attention of Elon Musk. The flamboyant billionaire businessman reposted, on 2 September 2025, an article that reported over 700 schools in Greece were closing due to falling student numbers. He captioned the post: “The death of Greece.” The actual number of Greek schools shutting down because of failing to reach the threshold of fifteen pupils is 721. Conclusively, in the first quarter of the current century, the Hellenic Republic lost well over a million of highly qualified young Greeks only to be replaced by half a million of unskilled Muslim immigrants.

Development of communication technology, social media

The causes of such new developments have to be found in the development of communication technology and what we used to call rising expectations, which characterized the study of development in the 50s and 60s. Social media and international visual communications have fueled rising expectations in the 21^st century. This New World Order has also been characterized by large numbers of so called “illegal” immigrants from Africa, Asia, and Latin America moving to North America or into Western Europe.

In the case of Germany, for example, the growth of “extremist” parties has been fueled by the presence of illegal immigrants and the ease with which the German government has allowed real and imaginary refugees to move and enjoy the benefits of a welfare society in Germany under Angela Merkel. In fact, by September 2024, Germany had imposed passport controls on its borders, irritating some of its neighbors because this policy is against the idea of an integrated, borderless Europe. Both in Europe and North America, the rise of Chinese exports and the decline of local industries, ranging from the car industry to chemicals and steel, has led the traditional working classes to support nationalist and protectionist parties. American elections have seen both parties talking about protecting American industry. This also seems to be the case in Canada.

This new world order has also been propelled by the so-called “Woke Business,” the rise of racial identification, which has added to racial and identity politics all over the world. In Islamic countries, ranging from Pakistan to North and West Africa, this has meant the persecution of Christians and Jews, to the extent that women who do not wear the hijab face persecution. Paradoxically, Islamic society is also being threatened by radical Islamic societies. Al Qaida and violent subversive groups are propagating across Africa and Asia.

Leadership in Western Europe and North America has sometime faced this issue in response to radical terrorism such as 9/11 and Bataclan. More immediate political concerns and challenges see democratic political systems concentrating on jobs, education, human rights, immigration and, last but not least, climate change. Historically, from the Napoleonic period onward, world orders and balances of power never lasted more than a generation. For example, the Peace of Versailles world order lasted twenty years. The Cold War order in Europe lasted from 1947 to 1989. The relative peace that followed the fall of the Soviet Union lasted fifteen years at most, as NATO expanded into Eastern Europe and the rise of a new Russia set off a renewed arms race and added more weight to the developing BRICS.

The spectacular victory of the Ayatollahs in the Middle East and the rise of radical Shiite politics saw Iran waging ideological and international antagonism against Israel. This was historically due to the fact that Ayatollah Khomeini and his followers were violently opposed to the existence of a Jewish state and Zionism. The war in Gaza, while carried out by Hamas, has been instigated and pushed by the Ayatollahs of Iran, unhinging any attempt by the United States and Europe to bring some degree of a peaceful order in the Middle East.

An interesting facet of this new world order was how India, China, and even some Islamic countries such as the United Arab Emirates became interested in a race to the moon. The increasing competition for status and prestige saw an explosion of international sports. Countries such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar bought themselves international competitions and famous European players to attempt a change in global perspective towards them, with mixed success.

One approach to studying these new developments would focus on the idea of cultural and political resentment by non-European countries, which for the last two centuries have seen France, Britain and the United States shaping the international order and cultural and political values, ranging from the status of women to economic protectionism and the assertion of secular Euro-American values. For example, the decline of Indian socialism has meant the rise of a new Indian identity which focuses on Hinduism, and the reassertion of Indian heritage against Islam, creating further violent conflict with Pakistan. Cultural trends from the United States, such as radical feminism, transgenderism, the acceptance of homosexuality and homosexual marriages have added even more contentious issues characterizing this new world order. In Russia, Putin’s government has made clear that homosexual values and marriages will not be accepted, and this has of course been the case in countries in Africa and Asia.

An insight into the cultural and economic context of the rise of BRICS and the New World Order should not overlook the fact that many of the conflicts in the world are of cultural origins. At one time, one could have employed the term “ideological,” but culture and ideology overlap each other, as do religious attitudes. While Islam began as a religion, after centuries of theologically based governance, it has also become a foundational cornerstone of the political ideology of the Middle East. In today’s world order, Islam has taken on heavy political connotations and has been used by radical groups to unhinge societies in European and American states.

Trumps administration in Washington in 2025 was attempting to enhance American power and control conflicts in the name of an American regulated international system. Whether that idea was feasible remains to be seen. As it was of May of 2025, India and Pakistan were on a threshold of war in Kashmir. It added even more to the notion of civilization and religious conflicts that characterized the Islamic world. From the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean and from North Africa to the Cape.

Preface

There has been an effectiveness of Chinese diplomacy towards resolving the Palestinian issue in all occasions and forums since the Bandung Conference in 1955, when China affirmed its rejection of foreign occupation and its support for national liberation movements aimed at self-determination. And with the aggravation of the field situation in the Middle East region, which has become a threat to security, peace & stability due to the absence of a serious solution to the Palestinian issue, which is witnessing unprecedented developments and conditions due to Israel continues its open war and unilateral actions in all the occupied Palestinian territories, Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and refusing to recognize the Palestinian rights. Therefore, China stressed the importance of the commitment of all parties, including Israel, to the rule of international law to resolve the Palestinian issue, noting that resolving the Palestinian issue is important for achieving peace and stability in the Middle East, in contrast, the absence of its solution will affect those efforts and thus threaten international security and peace.

Abstract

The study aims to shed light on the importance and development of Chinese diplomacy between theory and reality, through the connection of that diplomacy with the values and culture of Chinese characteristics, where that diplomacy was characterized by openness and cooperation in order to achieve security, peace and sustainable development for all without exception. It is noteworthy that there is a connection and harmony between the goals and principles of this diplomacy and the Chinese civilization, which is based on understanding, dialogue and exchange with the culture and civilization of others to reach a common destiny.

Therefore, China has put forward the four global initiatives, development, civilization, security and governance, with the aim of achieving integration and joint action to create a community of common destiny in the new era. Thus, it firmly stressed on respect for the sovereignty and rights of states and non-aggression or interference in their affairs, achieving equality in dealing with each other regardless of the strength, size and wealth of each state, and embodying justice, integrity and fairness by strengthening the rule of law on all without exception, and resolving disputes by peaceful means without shortage or prejudice to the rights of others.

And one of the most important features of understanding the nature of Chinese diplomacy is the clarity in the attitude between theory and practice towards supporting the solution of the Palestinian issue, and therefore the Chinese position is consistent and continuous towards resolving the Palestinian issue in accordance with international law, and China has not put forward an alternative to that, as it committed to the path of the two-state solution and supported the political process provided that justice and fairness are fully achieved towards the Palestinian rights.

Based on this, the current study indicates that Chinese diplomacy, at all stages of its development, is able to support & achieve the solution of the Palestinian issue, by putting forward many relevant effective ideas and initiatives, and adhering to a firm position to resolve the issue in all circumstances and occasions on the basis of a comprehensive and just solution. However, this requires joint action and serious responsibility on the part of other actors in the Middle East region in order to achieve international justice towards resolving the long-awaited Palestinian issue, as well as paying attention to the initiatives and goals of Chinese diplomacy to be a supportive and effective factor to re-strengthen the international system on the basis of justice and fairness.

Chinese diplomacy

There is an effectiveness of Chinese diplomacy towards supporting the solution of the Palestinian issue in all forums and in various fields since China’s recognition of the state of Palestine in 1988, knowing that it has been supporting and standing with the issue and the Palestinian people since the fifties by rejecting the occupation and advocating the self-determination of people. This diplomacy is different from all other efforts in support of truth, justice and integrity, and the reason for this it is related to the values and culture with Chinese characteristics, the Chinese culture is not aggressive or Colonial, but is associated with openness and achieving peace and development for all without exception. This is the goal of Chinese diplomacy, which seeks to achieve it through its effective affirmation of commitment to and application of the rule of international law and achieving international justice on all outstanding international issues, the most important of which is the resolution of the Palestinian issue.

The effectiveness of this diplomacy has been expressed through the presentation of many effective ideas and initiatives over the past decade and current time, which are consistent with international law and the UN Charter to resolve all issues such as the resolution of the Palestinian issue. The most important features of these initiatives are that it seeks to strengthen international relations on the basis of cooperation and joint action, and it has not been put forward as an alternative to the United Nations system, its charter and the international institutions. And also it stays away from any alliances against any party based on the principle of respecting the rights and sovereignty of states and not interfering in their affairs or assaulting them. In addition, it complies with the principles of international law and works to protect it through governance and achieve international justice in order to maintain international peace and security.

Chinese diplomacy has put forward many initiatives at the international level that are also related to solving the Palestinian issue, such as the four global initiatives, development, civilization, security and governance, the four-point initiative in 2017 and the four-point plan in 2021 to solve the Palestinian issue. These initiatives and ideas related to the resolution of the Palestinian issue stressed the importance of a peaceful path according to the two-state solution, provided that the United States and Israel should have cooperated with these calls and do not ignore the solution of the Palestinian issue, as well as abide by international law and the international will. Recently, Chinese President Xi Jinping has reiterated the need to achieve international governance in the current international system through achieving the rule of law and international justice towards outstanding international issues, the most important of which is the Palestinian issue, stressing the importance of building a more just and equitable multilateral international system away from the unilateral system led by the United States and its allies, and therefore launched on the first of September 2025, the Global Governance Initiative.

As a result, the Chinese diplomat has sufficient awareness and wisdom to deal with sensitive issues, the most important of which is the resolution of the Palestinian issue, so China will be able to take responsibility and resolutely cooperate with international parties to achieve security, peace and stability in Palestine and the region despite the complex circumstances.

The Palestinian Issue

The Palestinian issue continues to suffer from the absence of a just and comprehensive solution in accordance with international law and resolutions of international legitimacy due to the United States’ disregard for the Palestinian rights by using its veto in international forums, as well as continued support for Israel at all levels, and its insistence on not stopping the war on Gaza despite the international consensus to achieve this. However, China has actively supported a just and lasting solution to the Palestinian issue for decades, and has consistently affirmed its position to resolve the Palestinian issue by realizing the right of self-determination of Palestinians through establishing an independent and sovereign Palestinian state. Besides, it also has stressed the need for Palestine to obtain full membership in the United Nations, and announced its support for the New York Declaration on the two-state solution and the efforts to recognize the Palestinian state in the international arena. Moreover, it has worked with all international and regional parties resolutely to end the war on Gaza, introduce aid, lift the blockade and protect civilians, stressing that the way to do this is to get rid of the occupation and achieve international justice for the Palestinians.

It is worth mentioning that China has not stood in the way of any previous or current attempts to resolve the Palestinian issue, provided that it should be serious & it has an international consensus, regardless of the source of those attempts or efforts. For instance, China supported and welcomed the talks and peace process between the Arabs & Palestinians and the Israelis in the late eighties, and recognized the state of Palestine to support the Arab-Palestinian position and international efforts to achieve the sovereignty of Arab countries and the self-determination of the Palestinians. Furthermore, the United States submitted a draft resolution to the UN Security Council in March 2002 No. 1397, which stressed the need to support the establishment of two states, Israel and Palestine, within its security borders, as a result of the outbreak of the second Palestinian intifada. So China and the rest of the member states voted on the US draft resolution, and it did not take a counter-decision because America sponsored the draft, out of respect for the international will to support efforts to achieve peace, as well as its support for the establishment of a Palestinian state in accordance with international law and consensus.

Besides, the Arab summit in Beirut announced the Arab Peace Initiative in 2002, which stipulated the recognition and embodiment of the Palestinian state before the establishment of normal relations with Israel. This initiative was adopted as one of the references for resolving the Palestinian issue at the regional and international levels, and therefore China supported and welcomed this initiative and the Arab efforts to resolve the Palestinian issue. In return, the United States supported the normalization of relations between the Arab state and Israel, away from the efforts of that initiative to establish peace and stability, which has become one of the Arab, Islamic and international references for resolving the Palestinian issue.

The Palestinian issue has been undergoing unprecedented developments since the seventh of October 2023, in light of the continuation of the Israeli war on the Gaza Strip, the taking of unilateral measures in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, the refusal to recognize legitimate Palestinian rights, and non-compliance with international law to resolve the Palestinian issue with the active support of the United States in all forums. In contrast, Chinese diplomacy has characterized by supporting the efforts of the international community to stop the war, introducing aid and seriously seeking to find a just and lasting solution to the Palestinian issue, where China stressed the need for compliance and application of international law to resolve the Palestinian issue by the United States, Israel and all relevant parties.

This confirms that Chinese diplomacy is committed to its firm and effective position to support the resolution of the Palestinian issue despite all the circumstances and the attempts to downplay the importance of those efforts and initiatives by the United States and its allies, which still refuses to cooperate with China effectively to achieve peace and stability in the region through resolving the Palestinian issue. China does not use the Palestinian issue as a tool to strengthen influence and control, achieve a special interest, or support one axis or ally against another, because Chinese diplomacy stems from values and culture with Chinese characteristics based on openness and cooperation to achieve the common destiny of all without exception.

On the other hand, the United States, Israel and their allies have been procrastinating in adhering to international law to resolve the Palestinian issue for decades, ignoring Chinese ideas, calls and initiatives to promote justice and the rule of international law to resolve the Palestinian issue, in addition to not cooperating or obeying the international consensus in this regard. This was noted at the 80th meeting of the UN General Assembly recently in New York during the two-state solution conference, which received an effective international consensus, where China and many partners and sponsoring countries announced their active support for this conference, seeking to prevent them from resolving the Palestinian issue by establishing an independent and sovereign Palestinian state in accordance with international law, and therefore more western countries announced their recognition of the Palestinian state on the basis of the two-state solution, but the United States, Israel and their allies opposed these steps, considering them a unilateral escalation that threatens security and peace in the region, amid escalating accusations among all parties to bear the consequences later.

Achievements

The interest of Chinese diplomacy in the Palestinian issue and considering it as one of the main axes of Chinese foreign policy in its international relations is an achievement, because China is a permanent member of the UN Security Council and has extensive international relations and an active role in international organizations and institutions to protect international peace and security. In addition, China supports the institutions of the Palestinian state in various fields, and its pursuit of Palestinian internal unity through the “Beijing Declaration” in July 2024. Also China was the first country to recognize Palestine as a state, and has supported all Arab and international draft resolutions and initiatives in the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly to resolve the Palestinian issue, the most important of which is the right of Palestinians to self-determination and the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state. And one of the most important countries that firmly demanded the need to end the war on Gaza, the introduction of aid, the lifting of the blockade and the end of the occupation of the Palestinian territories in accordance with international law. Besides, China supported the two-state solution conference in New York in line with the Arab and international will, and demands that Palestine obtain full membership in the United Nations. Therefore, Chinese diplomacy is resolutely effective in supporting the resolution of the Palestinian issue despite all circumstances and obstacles.

Challenges

The solution of the Palestinian issue still faces effective challenges, the most important of which is the US ignoring the solution of the Palestinian issue through unlimited support for Israel, as well as non-cooperation with the international consensus in this regard, and content with the unilateral opinion of the leadership of the international community through the American point of view in dealing with outstanding issues, the most important of which is the Palestinian issue. In addition, Israel’s non-compliance with international law and resolutions related to the Palestinian issue, its refusal to stop the war, the introduction of aid and lifting the blockade on the Palestinians, and refusal to declare a two-state solution as well, and therefore not responding to the efforts of the international community seeking to resolve the Palestinian issue in a just, comprehensive and sustainable manner to achieve peace and stability in the region. Besides, there are some obstacles related to the European side, namely interference in the internal Palestinian affairs regarding the future and form of the system of government in Palestine, as well as imposing preconditions on Palestinian politicians that may affect the course of achieving Palestinian national unity. So this will affect the “Beijing Declaration” to achieve reconciliation and Palestinian national unity, and therefore the absence of Palestinian internal unity means the absence of governance of the Palestinian institution, and this will affect the joint efforts of China and other countries to resolve the Palestinian issue in international forums.

Conclusion

Chinese diplomacy has been resolutely and consistently effective in resolving the Palestinian issue at all international events and forums for decades. The goals and aspirations of Chinese diplomacy are in line with international law and the UN Charter to resolve the Palestinian issue. The absence of a solution to the Palestinian issue does not mean the weakness or inefficiency of Chinese diplomatic efforts towards it, but rather the absence of serious and responsible cooperation by the United States, Israel and their allies in the international system. The United States continues to support Israel and ignores the solution of the Palestinian issue in accordance with international law, and uses a veto against any decision in this direction, as well as the lack of seriousness of its steps towards accepting the governance of the current international system, and thus maintaining dominance and control over this system as it deems appropriate to resolve its outstanding issues, including the Palestinian issue.

On the other hand, Chinese diplomacy has succeeded in strengthening coordination and cooperation among member states, and has reactivated international commitments to affirm the right of self-determination of the Palestinians and the establishment of an independent and sovereign Palestinian state, and China has supported the two-state solution conference and the efforts of countries to recognize the Palestinian state recently. In this context, Chinese diplomacy has activated the tools of political and diplomatic action through multilateral relations, thereby mobilizing international public opinion to support the path of a two-state solution and then a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the Palestinian issue in accordance with respect for the rule and principles of law and international references.

As a result, the efforts of the Chinese diplomatic mission will remain effective and continuous to enhance cooperation within the international system to be more just and equitable towards resolving the Palestinian issue, and this has been noted by the increasing international recognition of the Palestinian state and the adoption of the two-state solution conference as a path to resolve the Palestinian issue with actual measures. This gives the Palestinians and the Chinese “hope” to continue cooperation with member states to support the governance of the international system based on justice and the rule of international law, and this means achieving multilateralism and then resolving all international issues, the most important of which is the Palestinian issue. Therefore, China is able to achieve this because the wisdom of Chinese diplomacy is based on integrity, justice and respect for people’s rights.

Global Stability in Focus: Disarmament, UN Reforms, and Pathways to Peace

The interview will also be published in the magazine Chinese Views on Non-Traditional Security. The full text of the interview can be found in the following link: 

https://www.spcis.org/post/yiorghos-leventis-global-stability-in-focus-disarmament-un-reforms-and-pathways-to-peace